Reaction quotient

In chemical thermodynamics, the reaction quotient (Q_r or just Q) is a quantity that provides a measurement of the relative quantities of products and reactants present in a reaction mixture for a reaction with well-defined overall stoichiometry, at a particular point in time. Mathematically, it is defined as the ratio of the activities (or molar concentrations) of the product species over those of the reactant species involved in the chemical reaction, taking stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction into account as exponents of the concentrations. In equilibrium, the reaction quotient is constant over time and is equal to the equilibrium constant.

A general chemical reaction in which α moles of a reactant A and β moles of a reactant B react to give ρ moles of a product R and σ moles of a product S can be written as

{\ce {\it {\alpha \,{\rm {A{}+{\it {\beta \,{\rm {B{}<=>{\it {\rho \,{\rm {R{}+{\it {\sigma \,{\rm {S{}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

.

The reaction is written as an equilibrium even though in many cases it may appear that all of the reactants on one side have been converted to the other side. When a mixture of A and B is made up and the reaction is allowed to occur, the reaction quotient Q_r, as a function of time t, is defined as[1]

Q_{\text{r}}(t)={\frac {\{\mathrm {R} \}_{t}^{\rho }\{\mathrm {S} \}_{t}^{\sigma }}{\{\mathrm {A} \}_{t}^{\alpha }\{\mathrm {B} \}_{t}^{\beta }}},

where {X}_t denotes the instantaneous activity[2] of a species X at time t. A compact general definition is (where П_j is the product across all j-indexed variables, and same for П_i):

Q_{\text{r}}(t)={\frac {\prod _{j}^{\mathrm {pdt.} }a_{j}^{\nu _{j}}(t)}{\prod _{i}^{\mathrm {rct.} }a_{i}^{\nu _{i}}(t)}},

where the numerator is a product of reaction product activities a_j, each raised to the power of a stoichiometric coefficient ν_j, and the denominator is a similar product of reactant activities. All activities refer to a time t.

Relationship to K (the equilibrium constant)

As the reaction proceeds with the passage of time, assuming the activation energy does not make the reaction prohibitively slow for a given timescale, the species' activities, and hence the reaction quotient, change in a way that reduces the free energy of the chemical system. The direction of the change is governed by the Gibbs free energy of reaction by the relation

\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G=RT\ln(Q_{\mathrm {r} }/K)

,

where K is a constant independent of initial composition, known as the equilibrium constant. The reaction proceeds in the forward direction (towards smaller values of Q_r) when Δ_rG < 0 or in the reverse direction (towards larger values of Q_r) when Δ_rG > 0. Eventually, as the reaction mixture reaches chemical equilibrium, the activities of the components (and thus the reaction quotient) approach constant values. The equilibrium constant is defined to be the asymptotic value approached by the reaction quotient:

Q_{\mathrm {r} }\to K

and

\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G\to 0\quad (t\to \infty )

.

In principle, reactions take an infinite amount of time to reach equilibrium; in practice, equilibrium is considered to be reached, in a practical sense, when concentrations of the equilibrating species no longer change perceptibly (with respect to the analytical instruments used).

If a reaction mixture is initialized with all components having an activity of unity, that is, in their standard states, then

Q_{\mathrm {r} }=1

and

\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G=\Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\circ }=-RT\ln K\quad (t=0)

.

This quantity, Δ_rG°, is called the standard Gibbs free energy of reaction.[3]

All reactions, regardless of how favorable, are equilibrium processes, though practically speaking, if no starting material is detected after a certain point by a particular analytical technique in question, the reaction is said to go to completion. For example, the burning of octane, C₈H₁₈ + ²⁵/₂ O₂ → 8CO₂ + 9H₂O has a Δ_rG° ~ –240 kcal/mol, corresponding to an equilibrium constant of 10¹⁷⁵, a number so large that it is of no practical significance, since there are only ~5 × 10²⁴ molecules in kilogram of octane. Nevertheless, the process is an equilibrium, in principle.

Examples

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References

Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl, Susan (2003). Chemistry (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-22158-1.
Under certain circumstances (see chemical equilibrium) each activity term such as {A} may be replaced by a concentration term, [A]. Both the reaction quotient and the equilibrium constant are then concentration quotients.
The standard free energy of reaction can be determined using the difference between the sum of the standard free energies of formation of products and the sum of the standard free energies of formation of reactants, accounting for stoichiometries: ${\textstyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\circ }=\sum _{\mathrm {prod.} }^{i}\nu _{i}\Delta _{\mathrm {f} }G^{\circ }-\sum _{\mathrm {react.} }^{j}\nu _{j}\Delta _{\mathrm {f} }G^{\circ }}$ .

External links

Reaction quotient tutorials

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[1] Zumdahl, Steven; Zumdahl, Susan (2003). Chemistry (6th ed.). Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-22158-1.

[2] Under certain circumstances (see chemical equilibrium) each activity term such as {A} may be replaced by a concentration term, [A]. Both the reaction quotient and the equilibrium constant are then concentration quotients.

[3] The standard free energy of reaction can be determined using the difference between the sum of the standard free energies of formation of products and the sum of the standard free energies of formation of reactants, accounting for stoichiometries: ${\textstyle \Delta _{\mathrm {r} }G^{\circ }=\sum _{\mathrm {prod.} }^{i}\nu _{i}\Delta _{\mathrm {f} }G^{\circ }-\sum _{\mathrm {react.} }^{j}\nu _{j}\Delta _{\mathrm {f} }G^{\circ }}$ .