Ranajit Chakraborty

Ranajit Chakraborty (April 17, 1946 – September 23, 2018) was a human and population geneticist.[1] At the time of his death, he was Director of the Center for Computational Genomics at the Institute of Applied Genetics and Professor in the Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics at the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth, Texas.[1] His scientific contributions include studies in human genetics, population genetics, genetic epidemiology, statistical genetics, and forensic genetics.

Ranajit Chakraborty
Chakraborty, ca. 2008
Born
Ranajit Chakraborty

(1946-04-17)April 17, 1946
Baranagore (West Bengal), India
DiedSeptember 23, 2018(2018-09-23) (aged 72)
Fort Worth, Texas, United States
NationalityAmerican
Alma materIndian Statistical Institute
Spouse(s)Dr. Bandana M. Chakraborty
Scientific career
FieldsHuman genetics
Population genetics
Forensic genetics
InstitutionsThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
University of Cincinnati
University of North Texas
Doctoral advisorC. R. Rao

Early life and education

Ranajit Chakraborty was born in Baranagore (West Bengal), India. At his graduation from high school in 1963, he was awarded First Class with Distinction Certificate from the Board of Secondary Education of West Bengal. In 1967, got his Bachelor of Statistics degree (with honors) from the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, and a year later was awarded a Master of Statistics (with specialization in Mathematical Genetics and Advanced Probability). In 1971, he got his Ph.D. in Biostatistics from the Indian Statistical Institute.[1] His dissertation supervisor was C. R. Rao, FRS. Before obtaining his first tenure-track academic position, Chakraborty served as Research Scholar and Senior Research Fellow at the Indian Statistical Institute, Visiting Lecturer of Statistics at the Indian Institute of Management, and Visiting Consultant at the Data Reference Center of the World Health Organization at the University of Hawaii in Honolulu.

Academic career

In 1973, Chakraborty joined the faculty at the Center for Demographic and Population Genetics, which is now the Human Genetics Center, at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. From 1996 to 2001, he held the Allan King Professorship at the School of Public Health. In 2001, he became the Robert A. Kehoe Professor and Director of the Center for Genome Information at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 2009, Chakraborty joined the Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas.

In addition to his main academic appointments, throughout his career, Chakraborty served in various capacities on the faculties of University of Houston, Stanford University, University of Stockholm, University of Michigan, Rice University, and Universidad de Chile.

Scientific contributions

Ranajit Chakraborty wrote six books and over 600 scientific articles.[2][3][4] Three of these became citation classics.[5]

Chakraborty's research contributions were in three main areas. During the first phase of his professional career, he contributed to the development of population genetics and molecular evolution. In collaboration with Masatoshi Nei, Takeo Maruyama, and Paul Fuerst, he studied among others the effects of bottlenecks on genetic variability,[3] the distributions of allele frequencies,[6] and the distribution of single locus heterozygosity.[7] He also contributed to the development of the two main mutation models in population genetics: the infinite alleles model[8] and the stepwise mutation model.[9] Ranajit Chakraborty made a large number of methodological contributions to population genetics, such as the use of the number of rare alleles per locus to estimate mutation rates.[10]

The second area to which he made significant contributions was human genetics and human epidemiology. Among others, he studied the effects of consanguinity and consanguineous marriages on genetic load,[11] the genetics of obesity,[12] gallbladder disease,[13] and type II diabetes.[14]

His third area of research interest was forensic genetics, i.e., the use of DNA data and genetic methodology in the process of individual identification initially in criminal and civil cases, and later in determining ethnic ancestry and relationships. One of Dr. Chakraborty's main contributions to the methodology of identification by DNA data concerned the selection of control groups for ruling out errors in identification and for calculating precise probabilities of the two types of errors (false positives and false negatives). He also contributed to the study of microbial forensics, i.e., the rapid identification of bacterial agents used in bioterrorism and biocrimes.[15]

In 1991, Ranajit Chakraborty and Kenneth Kidd published one of the first articles on the utility of DNA data in forensics.[16] The importance of this paper in the rapid adoption of DNA-based methods by the legal system has been frequently commented upon.[17]

Scientific societies, service and honors

Dr. Chakraborty was a member or life member of a dozen or so scientific societies, among them the International Association of Human Biologists, the Indian Society of Human Genetics, the American Society of Human Genetics, The Genetics Society of America, the American Society of Naturalists, Sigma Xi, and the International Association of DNA Fingerprinting. He served as a member of the board of directors of the American Dermatoglyphics Association (1986-1890), Vice President of the Indian Society of Human Ecology (1990), and Vice President (1998-1999) and President (1999-2000) of the American Association of Anthropological Genetics. In 2001, he became Honorary Life Member of the Croatian Association of Anthropological Genetics, and in 2003, he became a Foreign Associate of the Chilean Academy of Science.

Public service

The development of identification methods based on DNA data in the late 1980s have brought much of Dr. Chakarborty's work to the attention of the public and the government. In 1995, he became a member of the DNA subcommittee for the State of New York, and during the 1995-2000 period, Chakraborty served as a member of the US government National DNA Advisory Board. In both cases, Chakraborty helped develop policies on the use of DNA and approved the methodologies and statistical tools in identification procedures.

In 1995, Chakraborty and Dan Hartl testified for the prosecution in the O. J. Simpson murder case.

In 1998, Chakraborty was awarded the Federal Bureau of Investigation Award for "Efforts of Research in DNA forensics during the decade of DNA 1989-1998." In 2001, Dr. Chakraborty became an Advisory Board Member at Celera Genomics dealing with 9/11 victim identification by mtDNA markers. In 2002, Chakraborty became a member of the Working Group of bacterial Forensic Genetics at the FBI Academy.

Chakraborty testified at a 2012-2014 Frye standard Hearing before Brooklyn Judge Mark Dwyer to determine the validity and the admissibility of a method widely used by the New York City chief medical examiner to identify people on the basis of samples containing mixtures of blood from different people. His testimony was crucial in the reorganization of the New York City protocols for such identifications, and for reopening many cases previously decided on the basis of a faulty method.[18]

gollark: Anyway, in theory I could clone it *for* you, and send you a tar or something which could be downloaded resumably from osmarks.net
gollark: I only get 12GB of data per month due to ridiculous mobile network rationing, and it's slower than my home network anyway.
gollark: That doesn't contain full clone data, IIRC, and is smaller because of that.
gollark: Perhaps it would have been better to download the repo ZIP from GitHub or something.
gollark: Thus, use it ALL THE TIME.

References
  1. "In Memoriam - Dr Ranajit Chakraborty" (PDF). INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION. September 28, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  2. Chakraborty R, Shaw MW, Schull WJ. 1974. Exclusion of paternity: The current state of the art. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 26:477-488.
  3. Nei M, Maruyama T, Chakraborty R. 1975. The bottleneck effect and genetic variability in populations. Evolution 29:1-10.
  4. Nei M, Fuerst PA, Chakraborty R. 1976. Testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by distribution of single locus heterozygosity Nature 262:491-493.
  5. http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1989/A1989CB63700001.pdf
  6. Chakraborty R, Fuerst PA, Nei M. 1980. Statistical studies on protein polymorphism in natural populations. III. Distribution of allele frequencies and the number of alleles per locus. Genetics 94:1039-1063.
  7. Nei M, Fuerst PA, Chakraborty R. 1976. Testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by distribution of single locus heterozygosity. Nature 262:491-4913.
  8. Nei M, Chakraborty R, Fuerst PA. 1976. Infinite allele model with varying mutation rate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:4164-4168.
  9. Chakraborty R, Nei M. 1977. Bottleneck effects on average heterozygosity and genetic distance with the stepwise mutation model. Evolution 31:347-356.
  10. Chakraborty R. 1981. Expected number of rare alleles per locus in a sample and estimation of mutation rates. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 33:481-484.
  11. Chakraborty R, Chakravarti A. 1977. On consanguineous marriages and the genetic load. Hum. Genet. 36:47-54.
  12. Karns R et al. 2013. Modeling metabolic syndrome through structural equations of metabolic traits, comorbid diseases, and GWAS variants. Obesity 21:E745-754.
  13. Hanis CL, Chakraborty R, Ferrell RE, Schull WJ. 1986. Individual admixture estimates: disease associations and individual risk of diabetes and gallbladder disease among Mexican-Americans in Starr County, Texas. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 70:433-441.
  14. Hanis CL et al. 1996 A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nat. Genet. 13:161-166.
  15. Budowle B et al. 2008. Criteria for validation of methods in microbial forensics. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74:5599–5607.
  16. Chakraborty R, Kidd KK. 1991. The utility of DNA typing in forensic work. Science 254:1735-1739.
  17. Giannelli PC. 1998. The DNA story: An alternative view. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88:380-422.
  18. Lauren Kirchner. 2017. Traces of crime: How New York’s DNA techniques became tainted. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/04/nyregion/dna-analysis-evidence-new-york-disputed-techniques.html
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