Raid on Essequibo and Demerara (1781)

The raid on Demerara and Essequibo took place between 24 and 27 February 1781 in the context of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784). Six British privateers entered the rivers and captured 15 Dutch vessels before withdrawing.

Raid on Essequibo and Demerara
Part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
Date 24–27 February 1781 Location Essequibo and Demerara Result British victory
Belligerents
Great Britain	Dutch Republic
Strength
Six vessels	Unknown
Casualties and losses
None	14-15 merchant vessels captured

Background

The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. The war, contemporaneously related to the American Revolutionary War, broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war. In 1781 France induced the Dutch to side with them and the Americans.

The raid

The privateers had heard of the outbreak of war between Britain and the Dutch Republic and decided to take advantage of the situation. They did not have letters of marque authorizing offensive action and so had they failed in their attack the Dutch would have been within their rights to hang any captives as pirates. Britain too could have hanged them for piracy, but the privateers "trusted to the Honour of the Government, that no advantage would be taken of that defect, while they only did what appeared to them to be good service to their country as well as to themselves; and what in their judgement would greatly distress the enemy."[1]

The privateers Bellona, Mercury, and Porcupine arrived at Demerara on 21 February. Hornet joined them the next day. Two privateer schooners from Barbados, the Halton and the Polly, also joined the raid. British reports state they succeeded in bringing out from under the guns of shore batteries 15 prizes of a total tonnage of 4,098 tons (bm), and mounting 124 guns between them. (The privateers between them mounted some 118 guns and mustered a tonnage of about 800 tons (bm).) The largest vessel they brought out was the Boreas, 600 tons (bm) of Amsterdam. Privateers and prizes then left on 27 February.[2]

They left behind four vessels, two of them American. As of 3 March there were also nine merchant vessels in the river at Essequibo.[3]

Dutch reports agree on the losses but point out that the sole defensive structure at Essequibo, Fort Zeelandia, was in no state to be of any use and that the Council at Essequibo had given the commander, Captain Severyn, instructions to put up no more than a token resistance.[4]

Aftermath

On 27 February 1781 two sloops, HMS Barbuda (Commander Francis Pender), and HMS Surprize (Captain George Day), that Admiral Lord Rodney had sent appeared at Demerara.[4] In March, the sloops accepted the surrender of "Colony of Demarary and the River Essequebo".[5]

The vessels the privateers had captured became droits to the Admiralty as the privateers had had no commission to seize them.[6]

From 2 February 1782 to February 1783 the French occupied the colony after compelling Governor Robert Kingston to surrender.[7] At that time the French captured Barbuda and five other small British warships. The peace of Paris in 1783 restored the territories to the Dutch.[7]

Privateers

Name	Master	Tons (bm)	Armament	Complement	Home port
Bellona[2]	Patrick Driscoll	150	26 × 12 & 6-pounder guns + 6 × swivel guns		Bristol
Mercury[8]	Robert Craggs	200	24 guns, or 10 × 4-pounder guns + 8 × swivel guns	100	Bristol
Porcupine[9]	J. Jackson	90	18 guns, or 14 × 4-pounder guns + 6 swivel guns	70	Bristol
Hornet (built Bordeaux c.1777)[10]	John Kimber	350	22 × 24-pounder carronades (main deck) + 10 × 12-pounder guns (Fc)	180	Bristol,[10] or Liverpool[3]
Halton[2]	Oden Whitehouse		8 guns		Barbados
Polly[2]	Newbold		4 guns		Barbados

The first Dutch report of the privateers stated that the squadron consisted of two 3-masted ships, a brig, and two schooners. A letter from the privateers calling for the surrender of the colony bears the names of four captains, with the names being at variance to those in the table above: "Wm. Maclure, Robert Boreal, Fil. Hardy, and Benj. Wenbold".[4] The names of the masters in the table and most of the ship details are consistent with those in the Remembrancer.[3]

Captured vessels

The table below lists 14 vessels that the privateers captured at the mouth of the Demerara River.[3] This list appears to be missing a vessel of 200 tons and 12 guns, given the discrepancy between the numbers in the table and the total tons and armament that Powell reported.[2]

Name	Master	Tons (bm)	Armament	Complement	Cargo	Home port
Guidl. Vreight	Christ. Catnea	200	12 guns	32	Coffee, sugar, & cotton	Flushing
Eansesindgheyd	Andrew Chris. Denta	400	10 guns	26	Flour & lumber	Middleburg
Vreede	John Deweades	120	4 guns	26	Coffee & sugar	Amsterdam
de Vrouguer, An. Colyns and Ana Maria	Mart. Sclossen	206	8 guns	18	Coffee, cotton, & sugar	Amsterdam
Young Aaron	J.A. Ruge	152	6 guns	14		Amsterdam
De Boreas	Jean Ricart	600	10 guns	26	Provisions, iron, & lumber	Amsterdam
Yofrowd Ana Louisa	Tunis Sweeris	400	12 guns	20	Planks and bricks	Amsterdam
Zeelente Poost	Cornelius Keifer	180	6 guns	12	Coffee and sugar	Amsterdam
Haast U. Lang Seam Jonge Juff. Margarete	Cornelius Van Kakum	250	12 guns	37	Sugar, coffee, and cotton	Middleburg
Middleburg Hope	Hans Zuidella	400	12 guns	24	Sugar, coffee, & cotton	Middleburg
ship	Barnes	350	8 guns	20	Coffee, cotton, & sugar	Amsterdam
De Vreheyd	Petterse	350	8	32	Sugar, coffee, cotton	Middleburg
snow	Oudman, Zwartje	200	4 guns	16	Provisions and planks	Rotterdam
schooner		90		8	Timber	St Eustatius

Citations and references

Citations

1. Clowes et al. (1897-1903), Vol. 4, p.62.
2. Powell (1930), p. 253.
3. Remembrancer (1780), pp.308-9.
4. Rodway (1891), Vol. 1, pp.275-283.
5. "No. 12181". The London Gazette. 21 April 1781. p. 1.
6. Annual Register (April 1781), p.48.
7. Henry (1855), p.239.
8. Powell (1930),p.276.
9. Powell (1930), p.279.
10. Powell (1930), p.266.

References

• Clowes, W. Laird, et al. (1897-1903) The royal navy: a history from the earliest times to the present. (Boston: Little, Brown and Co.; London: S. Low, Marston and Co.).
• Henry, Dalton G. (1855) The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony: A narrative of some of the principal events from the earliest period of products and natural history.
• Powell, John Williams Darmer (1930) Bristol privateers and ships of war. (Bristol: J.W. Arrowsmith).
• Rodway, James (1891) History of British Guiana, from the Year 1668 to the Present Time. (J. Thomson).