Raúl Pateras Pescara

Raúl Pateras Pescara de Castelluccio (1890 – 1966), marquis of Pateras-Pescara, was an engineer, lawyer and inventor from Argentina who specialized in automobiles, helicopters and free-piston engines.

Raúl Pateras Pescara, 1922

Pescara is credited for being one of the first people to successfully utilize cyclic pitch, as well as pioneering the use of autorotation for the safe landing of a damaged helicopter. Pescara also set a world record (at the time) in 1924 for achieving a speed of 13 km/h (8 mph) in a helicopter.[1]

Biography
Pescara helicopter 4S (1931)

Pescara was born in Buenos Aires and at the beginning of the 20th century, his family left Argentina to return to Europe.

Aircraft

In 1911, using a workshop that Pescara was involved with, Gustave Eiffel tested a scale model (1:20) of a seaplane (monoplane design) named the Pateras Pescara, designed by Pescara and Italian engineer Alessandro Guidoni, in a wind tunnel.[2][3] In 1912, the Italian Ministry of the Navy commissioned Guidoni to build a torpedo bomber based on the Pescara model; but following tests in 1914, Guidoni was unable to create a successful design.

From 1919, Pescara built several coaxial helicopters and submitted numerous patents across several countries. He first tested his machine indoors in 1921, before moving to Paris, France, where government funding was available. His "No. 3" design had two contra-rotating "screws", with each screw having four blades, and each blade a biplane wing with wing warping for control.[4]

On January 16, 1924, at Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris, Pescara broke his own world record for helicopter flight with his model 2F, The Marquis Pateras, by remaining in the air 8 minutes and 13 4/5 seconds, whilst flying 1,160 metres (3,810 ft; 0.72 mi) in a vertical line."[5] On January 29, 1924, whilst attempting to win the French Aero Club prize for a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) closed circuit, Pescara completed the course in 10 minutes, 33 seconds, but was not permitted to qualify due to his machine's brief contact with the ground.[6] Equipped with coaxial double rotor apparatus, the engineer then set the first helicopter record recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI);[7] On April 18, 1924, he flew a distance of 736 metres (2,415 ft),[8] with a duration of 4 minutes, 11 seconds (approximately 13 km/h (8.1 mph)) and a height of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in).[1]

Automobiles

In 1929, together with his brother Henri, the Italian engineer Edmond Moglia and the Spanish government, Pescara founded La Fábrica Nacional de Automóviles ("National Automobile Factory") with an investment of 70 million pesetas. Pescara utilized the new factory to focus upon automobiles, and in 1931 he exhibited his creation, the Nacional Pescara, at the 1931 Paris Motor Show. The vehicle appeared at the Grand Palais next to Voisin's[9] and in 1931, the eight-cylinder car won the European Grand Prix for hillclimbing.[10]

Air compressors

The Spanish Civil War forced Pescara to return to France, and on February 28, 1933, the "Pescara Auto-compressor Company" was unveiled in Luxembourg.[11] The auto-compressor company remained in business for 30 years, supported by six French patents [12] with one of its shareholders, and the Pescara & Raymond Corporation, based in Dover, Delaware, USA. Pescara auto-compressors fulfill two basic designs: symmetrical and asymmetrical.

Free-piston engines and generators

During the Second World War, Pescara worked on electrical power in Portugal. Free-piston engines received new attention when they were mass-produced by the Société Industrielle Générale de Mécanique Appliquée (SIGMA), a French company that developed the GS-34, a 1138-horsepower generator.[13] In 1963, Pescara rejoined his sons in Paris where he served as an expert for S.N. Marep during the testing of its 2000-horsepower EPLH-40. Pescara subsequently proposed the production of more powerful machines - new tandem generators based on the existing EPLH-40 and GS-34[9] - but died in Paris, France, before the company that was to develop the engineer's proposal was established.

gollark: Okay. Well, I don't. Encapsulating data in classes means you write a lot of boilerplate and have a lot of fiddly state.
gollark: This is pointlessly meta, can we actually discuss OOP vs FP usefully?
gollark: …
gollark: It has entirely too much statefullness.
gollark: Most people agree procedural is worse than either.

See also

References
  1. Judy Rumerman. "Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century". U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  2. Pateras-Guidoni - Blue prints, finemodelworks.com
  3. G. Eiffel Air resistance and aviation, p. 240
  4. "S.A. PESCARA HELICOPTERACION", Flight: 50, 25 January 1923
  5. "AERONAUTICS: Pateras Pescara", Time Magazine, January 28, 1924
  6. "Helicoperacion", Flight: 77, 7 February 1924
  7. Cooper, H J (8 February 1951), "Helicopter Records", Flight: 161
  8. "FAI Record ID #13094 - Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine" Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 21 September 2014.
  9. Photos available on the website http://www.pateras-pescara.net.
  10. 1931 Hill Climb Championships - Hill Climb Winners 1897-1949
  11. Suivant acte reçu par Maître Charles-Marie-Emile Faber. Des assemblées générales extraordinaires ont eu lieu le 7 décemnbre 1936 et du 9 mai 1938, publiés au Mémorial, Recueil Spécial n° 102 du 23 décembre 1936 et N°46 du 21 mai 1938.
  12. French patent numbers 595,341, 595,342, 595,343, 595,344, 595,345, and 595,346
  13. A review of free-piston engine history and applications - R. Mikalsen et A.P. Roskilly, Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 27, Issues 14-15, October 2007, Pages 2339–2352.

Further reading
  • de Pescara, Christian. Aérofrance, pages 28–31. Issue 108. Dépôt légal: n° CPPAP 61682.
  • de Pescara, Christian. Association des Amis du Musée de l'air. Pégase, pages 12–21 ISSN 0399-9939.
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