Qasba Aligarh massacre

The Qasba–Aligarh massacre was an ethnic clash that erupted when recently settled armed Afghan Refugees attacked densely populated locals in Qasba Colony, Aligarh Colony and Sector 1-D of Orangi in Karachi in the early hours of the morning on 14 December 1986.[1] According to official reports, around 49 people were killed (unofficial reports are significantly higher at 400) and several hundred were injured in what was perceived as a "revenge killing"[1] by newly settled armed Afghan Refugees following an unsuccessful raid on an Afghan heroine processing and distribution center in Sohrab Goth by the security forces.[2] Most of the residents of the two colonies happened to be Biharis who had been freshly repatriated from Bangladesh[3] and Muhajirs.

The locality is situated within limits of Karachi city and consists of poor and lower middle class Mohajir families living side by side by Pashtuns residing on the adjacent hills populated primarily by Afghan migrants who settled during the Soviet–Afghan War and were involved in narcotics and gun trade. During planned development of the city in the 1960s and 70s it was constructed by the government as colony for journalists where amenity plots were handed out to the residents. Due to the distance from the city most allottees sold their plots moving themselves to central areas. The place was thereon heavily dominated by the muhajir community.

Background

From the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947 and up until 1961, the population of Karachi grew by 432 percent – a growth rate that "no other city anywhere else in the world [had] ever experienced".[4] People migrating from India, commonly known as Muhajir could not be accommodated into the city properly and a vast majority of them were settled in informal housing settlements known as "kachi bastis". Resettlement of the Muhajirs could not effectively catch up with the growth of Karachi's kachi bastis as further more in-migrants arrived into the city from Punjab, Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province.[5]

By the late 1960s, these informal settlements had taken up two forms: unorganised settlements, where the squatters illegally occupied public or private owned land, and, illegal subdivisions, where peripheral land was developed and sold "by 'independent' private persons who lack[ed] the property rights" over it.[6] These informal entrepreneurs came to be known as dallals (patrons) and enjoyed a close connections with the police officers, politicians and bureaucrats, connections that offered them "a certain degree of security against illegal eviction of [other] basti dwellers".[7]

Afghan Refugees influx and the Kalashnikov culture

During the Soviet–Afghan War in the late 1970s and early 1980s, millions of Afghan refugees had made their way into Pakistan. An estimated population of about 6 million refugees were welcomed with open arms into Pakistan as part of General Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization programme. These refugees gradually settled in populated urban centres throughout the country, including southern cities of Hyderabad and Karachi. Many of the Afghan refugees that made their way into Karachi settled in bastis at the outskirts of the city, which included areas like Sohrab Goth.

The magnitude of refugees migrating into Pakistan had a huge socio-economic impact on the country's society, promoting wide availability of illegal narcotic drugs like heroin, and automatic firearms like the AK-47 rifles. Where Pakistan had previously been drug-free and largely deweaponised, the country soon became flooded with automatic weapons along with the population of drug users shooting up to over a million in the early 1980s which came into sharp conflict with the general populace of Karachi. The sudden proliferation of firearms has since been dubbed as the "Kalashnikov culture".[8]

Changing housing market

This influx of Afghan refugees gave rise to informal Pashtun entrepreneurs who joined in Karachi’s informal housing market.[9] Many of the Afghan refugees landed jobs as policemen[10] and started investing in real estate while several drug and arms barons also made their way into Karachi's ethnic and political stage as a result of this influx.[7]. every one lived side by side until the influx of Afghan Refugees who started stirring ethnic fault lines.

As the Punjabi and Muhajir influence grew weak in Karachi's informal housing market, the Pushtun entrepreneurs imposed greater control over the land. Afghan gunmen would seize land by force, Afghan real estate developers would develop on plots and rent out to tenants who could be evicted at will.[7] Thus coercion and violence became a common modus vivendi of the afghans.

Of the few areas in Karachi where the Pashtuns were met with fierce resistance, Orangi was the largest squatter settlement in Karachi with a population of around one million. Orangi was an ethnically diverse settlement where Muhajirs and Pashtuns each constituted 25% of the population and the remainder was a mixture of Punjabis, Sindhis, Baloch, Bengalis.

Karachi's growing ethnic strife

The urban centres of Karachi and Hyderabad had increasingly become ethnically diverse and riots along ethnic lines were commonplace.[11] The brimming ethnic conflict evolved into territorial demarcation on ethnic grounds, with power being accumulated into the hands of local criminal elements, particularly in and around areas of Orangi.

In April 1985, Karachi faced its first major ethnic riot that claimed the lives of at least hundred people. The riot mobilised Muhajir and Bihari basti dwellers against he afghan gunmen who had tried to extend their influence to those neighborhoods. The main battlefield was situated between Banaras Chowk and the Metro Cinema in Orangi, an area adjacent to newly settled afghan strongholds.[12]

Later on the morning of 15 April 1985, another afghan-Muhajir ethnic clash broke out when a afghan minivan driver struck and killed a schoolgirl, Bushra Zaidi. The afghan driver had been eager to outrun a competitor without respecting a traffic light, hitting a vehicle and then bumping into a group of students of Sir Syed Government Girls College in Liaquatabad. In the hours immediately following the incident, a mob of angry young students organised a protest demonstration which was brutally repressed by the police.[12] Tensions between the Pashtun and Muhajir populations grew to a boiling point after the incident.[2]

The police were later accused of molesting young female students after it entered the Sir Syed College. The alleged police brutality later fuelled the anger of Muhajir and Punjabis and violence erupted throughout the city all the way from Liaquatabad in the east to Orangi to the west. Eager to provoke the police, the young students set buses and minivans on fire and were inevitably met with harsh responses.[12]

Police crackdown in Sohrab Goth

As complaints came flooding in about the increase in crime rates throughout Karachi, particularly those fueled by ethnic conflicts, newspapers began highlighting the issue in their headlines and the government of Sindh found the need for a crackdown on the various criminal elements within the afghan refugees settlements in the city. On 12 December 1986, the Sindh governor Lt Gen Jahan Dad Khan ordered a police operation in the vicinity of Sohrab Goth in Karachi.[13] Guised as an anti-encroachment operation, a team was assembled under DC Sardar Ahmed, DIG Karachi, IGP Sindh and Corps Commander Karachi Lt Gen Ahmad Shamim Khan to root out and arrest criminal elements. They were also asked to relocate the illegal encroachers from Al-Asif Square in Sohrab Goth to a new site near the National Highway.

The police had wanted to raid an Afghan heroin processing and distribution centre in Sohrab Goth. However, when they approached the neighbourhood, they were met with violent retaliation. As part of the operation, the security forces surrounded the area with bulldozers destroying illegally encroached houses and removing the residents. Some reports also suggest that just before the operation, the police had entered adjacent Orangi townships that were predominantly Muhajir and seized caches of arms and bombs.[14]

The massacre at Qasba and Aligarh colonies

A group of several armed afghans refugees with Kalashnikov rifles charged down the hill overlooking the Qasba and Aligarh colonies, and Sector 1-D of Orangi Town.[15] The invaders are said to have set people's houses on fire using kerosene tanks "under [the] cover of a hail of gunfire".[15]

In less than two hours an estimated 400 people were murdered . Hundreds more were injured and many more escaped from the roof to save their lives. However, according to official figures, there were only 49 deaths.[1] By 4:30 pm, hundreds of homes were burnt to the ground.[15]

Formal judicial inquiry

The former chief justice of the Supreme Court Sajjad Ali Shah conducted an inquiry into the incident and wrote in his findings or that "it [was] the worst kind of massacre [he] had ever witnessed, where women, children and men from Muhajir community were slaughtered by illegal immigrants [and] the Corps Commander Karachi should have questioned as to why the army was asked to retreat approximately two hours before the incident took place". He suggested the existence of "foul-play". The report was sent to Islamabad where he criticized the army, Sindh administration and the governor’s role in the event. The report of fact finding mission was ignored by the establishment.[13]

In an interview with Mazhar Abbas, former Sindh chief minister Syed Ghous Ali Shah said that the judicial commission led by the chief justice was able to shed some light on the issues giving rise to the Qasba–Aligarh massacre and disclosed revealing details of negligence in the security forces. However, he confessed that the report was not brought to light because the government at the time had feared it would create more chaos.[16]

Survivors' accounts

As per one of the survivors, "they came inside out houses and asked for men", "they killed indiscriminately with knives and guns chanting Allah’o’Akber as if we were infidels" said one of the survivors who lost her father and elder brother sobbing and she was correct. Mosques were used to mobilize people to kill and there were speeches and sermons given against the people living in Qasba Aligarh by the clerics stating that "killing them would take one to heaven".

Mohammad Ibrahim another survivor who lost his elder brother told us that "they came in and started burning our houses, kicking the babies and killing anyone in front of them …".

Citations

1. Shafique, Khurram Ali (ed.). "1986: Orangi killings". The Chronicle of Pakistan. Republic of Rumi. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013.
2. Kennedy 1991, p. 948
3. Gayer 2003, p. 7: "Approximately 250,000 of the estimated 1.5 million Pashtuns of Karachi were living in Orangi."
4. Tan & Kudaisya 2000, p. 185
5. Waseem 1996, p. 620
6. van der Linden, Meijer & Nientied 1991, pp. 67–68
7. Gayer 2003, p. 6
8. Chatterjee, Debalina (25 May 2012). "Kalashnikov Culture in Pakistan". South Asia Defence and Strategic Review. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
9. Tambiah 1996, pp. 184–185
10. "Traffic in death". The Herald. Karachi: 43. May 1985.
11. Ghosh 2001
12. Gayer 2003, p. 7
13. Sheikh, Shahnawaz (28 December 2011). "Sensational Disclosures: Qasba Colony and Aligarh Colony tragedy". Pakistan State Times. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
14. Baixas, Lionel (24 June 2008). "Thematic Chronology of Mass Violence in Pakistan, 1947–2007". Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. ISSN 1961-9898. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
15. Hussain 1990, p. 187
16. "Do Tok with Mazhar Abbas" (Video interview). 14 December 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2014.

References

• Ghosh, Papiya (2001). "The Changing Discourse of the Muhajirs". India International Centre Quarterly. 28 (3): 57–68. JSTOR 23005560.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Kennedy, Charles H. (October 1991). "The Politics of Ethnicity in Sindh" (PDF). Asian Survey. University of California Press. 31 (10): 938–955. doi:10.2307/2645065. JSTOR 2645065.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2000). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415172977.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Waseem, Mohammed (Winter 1996). "Ethnic conflict in Pakistan: the case of MQM". The Pakistan Development Review. 35 (4).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• van der Linden, Jan; Meijer, Evert; Nientied, Peter (1991). "Informal housing in Karachi". In van der Linden, Jan; Selier, Frits (eds.). Karachi. Migrants, Housing and Housing Policy. Lahore: Vanguard.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Gayer, Laurent (May 2003). "A divided city. "Ethnic" and "religious" conflicts in Karachi, Pakistan" (PDF). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Horowitz, Donald L. (2001). The Deadly Ethnic Riot. London, England: University of California Press. ISBN 0520224477.
• Hussain, Akmal (1990). "The Karachi Riots of December 1986: The Crisis of State and Civil Society in Pakistan". In Das, Veena (ed.). Mirrors of Violence. New Delhi and London: Oxford University Press.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Ismail, Aquila; Rahman, Perween (1987). Repair and Rehabilitation: Aftermath of the December 1986 Riots. A Monograph. Karachi: Orangi Pilot Project.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Verkaaik, Oskar (2004). Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691117098.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1996). Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist Conflicts and Collective Violence in South Asia. London, England: University of California Press. ISBN 0520918193.
• Davidson, Jamie Seth (2009). From Rebellion to Riots: Collective Violence on Indonesian Borneo. Singapore: National University of Singapore Press. ISBN 9971694271.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)