Province of Westphalia

The Province of Westphalia (German: Provinz Westfalen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815[1] to 1946.[2]

Province of Westphalia Provinz Westfalen
Province of Prussia
1815–1946
Flag Coat of arms
Westphalia (red), within the Kingdom of Prussia, within the German Empire
Anthem
Westfalenlied
Capital	Münster
Area
• Coordinates	51°58′N 7°38′E
• 1817	20,215 km^2 (7,805 sq mi)
Population
• 1925	4784000
History
• Established	1815
• Disestablished	1946
Political subdivisions	Arnsberg Minden Münster
Preceded by Succeeded by Minden Mark (county) Ravensberg (County) Tecklenburg Bishopric of Münster Bishopric of Paderborn County of Limburg Duchy of Westphalia Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein Nassau-Siegen North Rhine-Westphalia

History

Napoleon Bonaparte founded the Kingdom of Westphalia, which was a client state of the First French Empire from 1807 to 1813. This state shared only the name with the historical region, containing mostly Hessian and Eastphalian regions and only a relatively small part of the region of Westphalia.

Although Prussia had long owned territory in Westphalia, King Frederick William III had preferred to incorporate the Kingdom of Saxony first. It was not until the Congress of Vienna in 1815 that the Province of Westphalia came into being. The province was formed from several territories:

• regions in Westphalia under Prussian rule since before 1800 (the Principality of Minden and the counties of Mark, Ravensberg and Tecklenburg)
• the Bishopric of Münster and Bishopric of Paderborn, acquired by Prussia in 1802–03; the northernmost parts of the geographically enormous Bishopric of Münster, however, became part of the Kingdom of Hanover or the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
• the small county of Limburg, acquired in 1808
• the Duchy of Westphalia, placed under Prussian rule in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna.
• the Sayn-Wittgensteiner principalities of Hohenstein and Berleburg, along with the principality of Nassau-Siegen (in 1817)

In 1816, the district of Essen was transferred to the Rhine Province.

Economy

1907

• 18% agriculture
• 59% industry
• 11% trade

After World War II

After the end of World War II, the province was merged with the northern half of the Rhine Province to form the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia in 1946, with the addition of the former state of Lippe in 1947.

Maps

Map of the Province of Westphalia (1905)

Upper presidents

The Prussian central government appointed upper presidents as their representatives in the province, supervising the implementation of central prerogatives in Westphalia. Between 1920 and 1933 their appointment needed the consent of the provincial diet, in those years directly elected by the Westphalians.

Upper presidents for the Province of Westphalia

Term	Name
1816 to 1844	Ludwig Friedrich Freiherr von Vincke
1845 to 1846	Justus Wilhelm Eduard von Schaper
1846 to 1850	Eduard Heinrich Flottwell
1850 to 1871	Franz Gerhard Xaver von Duesberg
1871 to 1882	Friedrich von Kühlwetter
1883 to 1889	Robert Eduard von Hagemeister
1889 to 1899	Heinrich Konrad von Studt
1899 to 1911	Gustav Wilhelm Eberhard Freiherr von der Recke von der Horst
1911 to 1919	Karl Prinz von Ratibor und Corvey
1919	Felix Friedrich Graf von Merveldt, DNVP
1919 to 1922	Bernhard Wuermeling, Zentrum
1922	Felix Friedrich Graf von Merveldt, DNVP
1922 to 1933	Johannes Gronowski, Zentrum
1933 to 1938	Ferdinand von Lüninck, DNVP
1938 to 1945	Alfred Meyer, NSDAP
1945 to 1946	Rudolf Amelunxen, Zentrum, appointed by the British military government

Land captains of Westphalia

The provincial diet, until 1886 represented by the Westphalian estates of the realm elected their president titled land captain. In the course of strengthening selfrule in the provinces the Westphalian provincial diet was reorganised as the legislation composing of representatives elected from the assemblies of the rural counties and independent cities in 1886. These districts and cities then formed the public-law corporation called the provincial federation (Provinzialverband). The elected speaker of the provincial diet, first titled land director (Landesdirektor), but renamed land captain in 1889, was simultaneously head of the provincial government, called provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss). Between 1920 and 1933 the provincial diet was directly elected by the Westphalian electorate. As of 1933, in the course of the abolition of parliamentarism in Nazi Germany, the land captains were appointed by the central Prussian government, presided over by Hermann Göring, and became subject to the directives of their respective upper president. Kolbow was still elected, by a provincial diet dominated by Nazi mandataries, his successors were appointed, with the diet officially dissolved in 1934. The task of the Westphalian provincial federation is carried on by the Regional Federation of Westphalia-Lippe, established in 1953 and also including the county comprising the territory of the former Free State of Lippe, disestablished in 1947.

Land captains of Westphalia

Term	Name
1886 to 1900	August Overweg, titled land director until 1889
1900 to 1905	Ludwig Holle
1905 to 1919	Wilhelm Hammerschmidt
1920 to 1933	Franz Dieckmann, Zentrum
1933 to 1944	Karl-Friedrich Kolbow, NSDAP
1944 per pro	Theodor Fründt, NSDAP
1944 to 1945	Hans von Helms, NSDAP
1945 to 1954	Bernhard Salzmann, appointed by the British military government

References

1. lieber, francis (1851). a popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics, and biography. p. 139.
2. Mitchell, Maria (2012-10-04). The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany. University of Michigan Press. p. 141. ISBN 0472118412.