Proteidae

The family Proteidae is a group of aquatic salamanders found today in the Balkan Peninsula and North America. The range of the genus Necturus runs from southern central Canada, through the midwestern United States, east to North Carolina and south to Georgia and Mississippi.[1] The range of the olm, the only extant member of the genus Proteus, is limited to the Western Balkans.

"Proteid" redirects here. For the group of organic compounds, see Protein.

Proteidae
Necturus maculosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Suborder: Salamandroidea
Family: Proteidae
Gray, 1825
Genera

Necturus
Proteus

Taxonomy

Proteidae, is divided into two extant genera, Necturus with five North American species, and Proteus with one extant European species. They represent an ancient group, known from fossils since the Paleocene.[2][3] However, molecular data and a Laurasian distribution suggest origins that go further back.[4]

Family Proteidae

Life history

In contrast to many salamanders, proteids never lose their gills during maturation from larvae. This aspect of their physiology is known as pedomorphosis. Despite having lungs, which appear to provide little use in respiration,[5] mudpuppies spend their entire lives underwater. The adult gills resemble fish gills in many ways, but differ from fish gills in that they are external and lack any form of operculum, or covering. The bright red exposed gills are often found closed against the body in cool, highly oxygenated water. In warmer, poorly oxygenated water, the gills expand to increase water circulation and provide greater surface area for oxygen intake. Necturus salamanders such as "mudpuppies" also absorb oxygen through their skin and by occasionally breathing air at the surface.[5]

Other distinguishing features of proteid salamanders, as compared with other salamanders, are the absence of eyelids and a lack of maxillary bones in the upper jaw. They show a degree of parental care, tending to the eggs after attaching them to submerged stones and logs. Proteid salamanders range in size from 28 centimetres (11 in) to 40 centimetres (16 in) in length.[6]

Members of the genus Necturus, commonly called "mudpuppies" or "waterdogs", prefer shallow lakes and streams that have slow moving water and rocks to hide under, but have been found in up to 90 feet of water.[7] Their name originates from the misconception that they make a dog-like barking sound.[6] Diet consists of small fish and many invertebrates, including crayfish, snails, and worms. Mudpuppies mature at four to six years and can live to be more than twenty years old. Progenesis is common for mudpuppies, enabling them to reach sexual maturity in their larval stage.

Even though they eat fish eggs, negative effects on fish populations have not been documented. Fishermen have been known to catch mudpuppies, sometimes in large numbers, but most often when ice fishing.[8] Necturus salamanders also commonly feed on mollusks, worms, insects and small fish.[9]

To distinguish between a larval mudpuppy and other larval salamanders, note that larval mudpuppies have distinct longitudinal banding and four toes on their hind legs, the combination of which is not found in most larval salamanders within the same range.[10] The main difference between a mudpuppy and a siren is that, whereas mudpuppies have both front and hind legs, a siren will only have one pair of very small, atrophied front legs.

gollark: Apparently, yes.
gollark: --achieve test
gollark: specter of communism
gollark: Oops.
gollark: specter of communism

See also

References
  1. Mudpuppies, Mudpuppy Pictures, Mudpuppy Facts. Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2013-01-02.
  2. Naylor, B. G. (1978). "The earliest known Necturus (Amphibia, Urodela), from the Paleocene Ravenscrag Formation of Saskatchewan". Journal of Herpetology. 12 (4): 565–569. doi:10.2307/1563363. JSTOR 1563363.
  3. Rocek, Z (1994). "A Review of the fossil Caudata of Europe" (PDF). Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde. 17: 51–56.
  4. http://timetree.org/index.php?taxon_a=mudpuppy&taxon_b=olm&submit=Search
  5. Harris, J.P. Jr. (1959). "The natural history of Necturus: II". Field and Laboratory. 27 (2): 71–77.
  6. Lanza, B.; Vanni, S. & Nistri, A. (1998). Cogger, H.G. & Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 70–71. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
  7. Reigle, R.J. Jr. (1967). "The occurrence of Necturus in the deeper waters of Green Bay". Herpetologica. 23 (3): 232–233. JSTOR 3890863.
  8. Eycleshymer, A.C. (1906). "The habits of Necturus maculosus". The American Naturalist. 40 (470): 123–136. doi:10.1086/278597.
  9. Olms and Mudpuppies: Proteidae - Diet, Animals JRANK http://animals.jrank.org/pages/292/Olms-Mudpuppies-Proteidae-DIET.html
  10. Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press ISBN 1588343081

Data related to Proteidae at Wikispecies Media related to Proteidae at Wikimedia Commons

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