Problematization

Problematization of a term, writing, opinion, ideology, identity, or person is to consider the concrete or existential elements of those involved as challenges (problems) that invite the people involved to transform those situations.[1] It is a method of defamiliarization of common sense.

Problematization is a critical thinking and pedagogical dialogue or process and may be considered demythicisation. Rather than taking the common knowledge (myth) of a situation for granted, problematization poses that knowledge as a problem, allowing new viewpoints, consciousness, reflection, hope, and action to emerge.[1]

What may make problematization different from other forms of criticism is its target, the context and details, rather than the pro or con of an argument. More importantly, this criticism does not take place within the original context or argument, but draws back from it, re-evaluates it, leading to action which changes the situation. Rather than accepting the situation, one emerges from it, abandoning a focalised viewpoint.[1]

To problematize a statement, for example, one asks simple questions:

• Who is making this statement?
• For whom is it intended?
• Why is this statement being made here, now?
• Whom does this statement benefit?
• Whom does it harm?

The term is also used in association with actor–network theory (ANT), and especially the "sociology of translation" to describe the initial phase of a translation process and the creation of a network. According to Michel Callon, problematization involves two elements:

1. Interdefinition of actors in the network
2. Definition of the problem/topic/action program, referred to as an obligatory passage point (OPP)

Problematization (Foucault)

For Michel Foucault, problematization serves as the overarching concept of his work in "History of Madness".[2]

He treats it both as an object of inquiry and a specific form of critical analysis. As an object of inquiry, problematization is described as a process of objects becoming problems by being “characterized, analyzed, and treated” [2] as such.

As a form of analysis, problematization seeks to answer the questions of “how and why certain things (behavior; phenomena, processes) became a problem”.[2] Foucault does not distinguish clearly problematization as an object of inquiry from problematization as a way of inquiry. Problematization as a specific form of critical analysis is a form of “re-problematization”.[3]

History of Thought

Problematization is the core of his “history of thought” which stands in sharp contrast to "history of ideas" ("the analysis of attitudes and types of action") as well as "history of mentalities" ("the analysis of systems of representation").[4] The history of thought refers to an inquiry of what it is, in a given society and epoch, “what allows one to take a step back from his way of acting or reacting, to present it to oneself as an object of thought and question it as to its meaning, its conditions and its goals”.[5] Therefore, thought is described as a form of self-detachment from one's own action that allows “to present it to oneself as an object of thought [and] to question it as to its meaning, its conditions, and its goals".[4][5] Thought is the reflection of one's own action “as a problem”.[4] According to Foucault, the notions of thought and problematization are closely linked: to problematize is to engage in “work of thought”.[4] Crucially, then, Foucault implies that our way of reflecting upon ourselves as individuals, as political bodies, as scientific disciplines or other, has a history and, consequently, imposes specific (rather than universal or a priori) structures upon thought.

Responses To Problems

A central element in the problematization analysis are responses to problems. The analysis of a specific problematization is “the history of an answer (…) to a certain situation”.[6] However, Foucault stresses that "most of the time different responses [...] are proposed".[4] His analytical interest focuses on finding at the root of those diverse and possibly contrasting answers, the conditions of possibility of their simultaneous appearance, i.e. “the general form of problematization”.[4] This sets Foucauldian problematization apart from many other approaches in that it invites researchers to view opposing scientific theories or political views, and indeed contradictory enunciations in general [7] as responses to the same problematization rather than as the manifestations of mutually excluding discourses. It is this level of problematizations and discourses that Foucault refers to when establishing that Foucault's “history of thought” seeks to answer the question of "how [...] a particular body of knowledge [is] able to be constituted?".[4]

Engaging in Problematization

Engaging in problematization entails questioning beliefs held to be true by society.[4] Ultimately, this intellectual practice is “to participate in the formation of a political will”.[4] It also carves out elements that “pose problems for politics”.[4] At the same time, it also requires self-reflection on behalf of the intellectual,[3] since problematization is to investigate into the ontological question of the present[3] and to determine a distinguishing “element of the present".[3] This element is decisive for the “process that concerns thought, knowledge, and philosophy”[3] in which the intellectual is part of as “element and actor".[3] By questioning the present, or “contemporaneity”, “as an event”, the analyst constitutes the event's “meaning, value, philosophical particularity” but relies at the same time on it, for he/she “find[s] both [his/her] own raison d’être and the grounds for what [he/she] says” in the event itself.[3]

References

1. Crotty, Michael J. (1998). Foundations of Social Research: Meaning and Perspective in the Research Process. SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-7619-6106-2. Describing Freire (1976). p. 155-156.
2. "Literaturverzeichnis", Stellenlektüre Stifter - Foucault, De Gruyter, 2001-12-31, pp. 171–186, doi:10.1515/9783110953527-013, ISBN 9783110953527
3. Foucault, Michel; Kritzman, Lawrence (1988). "Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, 1977-1984". MLN. 104 (4): 255–567. doi:10.2307/2905276. ISSN 0026-7910. JSTOR 2905276.
4. D’Arcy, Stephen (2004-12-01). "Foucault, Michel. The Essential Foucault: Selections from Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984. Ed. Paul Rabinow and Nikolas Rose. New York: The New Press, 2003". Foucault Studies (1): 116–118. doi:10.22439/fs.v0i1.573. ISSN 1832-5203.
5. Michel, Foucault (1996). Foucault live : (interviews, 1961-1984). Semiotext(e). ISBN 978-1570270185. OCLC 473798135.
6. Knighton, Andrew (2003-01-01). "Michel Foucault, Fearless Speech. Edited by Joseph Pearson. (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2001), 183 pages". Auslegung: A Journal of Philosophy. doi:10.17161/ajp.1808.9510. ISSN 0733-4311.
7. Foucault, Michel (2013-04-15). Archaeology of Knowledge. doi:10.4324/9780203604168. ISBN 9780203604168.

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