Maria Christina of Austria

Archduchess Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria of Austria,[1] also known as Maria Christina Henrietta Désirée Félicité Rénière[2] (21 July 1858 – 6 February 1929) was Queen of Spain as the second wife of King Alfonso XII. She was regent during the vacancy of the throne between her husband's death and her son's birth, and during the minority of their son, King Alfonso XIII, between 1885 and 1902.

For the eighteenth century archduchess, see Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen.

Maria Christina of Austria
Formal photo portrait by Franzen, 1906
Queen consort of Spain
Tenure29 November 1879 – 25 November 1885
Queen Regent of Spain
Tenure25 November 1885 – 17 May 1903
Born(1858-07-21)21 July 1858
Brünn, Moravia, Austrian Empire
Died6 February 1929(1929-02-06) (aged 70)
Royal Palace, Madrid, Kingdom of Spain
Burial
El Escorial
Spouse
Issue
Full name
German: Maria Christina Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria von Habsburg-Lothringen
Spanish: María Cristina Enriqueta Desirée Felicidad Raniera de Habsburgo-Lorena
HouseHabsburg-Lorraine
FatherArchduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria
MotherArchduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria
ReligionRoman Catholicism

Early life

Known to her family as Christa, she was born at Židlochovice Castle (Groß Seelowitz), near Brünn (now Brno), in Moravia, a daughter of Archduke Karl Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria.[2]

Her paternal grandparents were Archduke Charles of Austria and Princess Henriette Alexandrine of Nassau-Weilburg.

Various sources attributed good traits to Maria Christina before her marriage. One states she was "tall, fair, sensible, and well educated".[3] She was Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter of the Castle of Prague (1875-1879).[4]

Marriage and issue
Maria Christina with her three children, 1897.

Maria Christina married King Alfonso XII of Spain on 29 November 1879 at the Basilica of Atocha in Madrid, and became the mother of his only three legitimate children:

His previous wife was his first cousin, Mercedes of Orléans, who had died half a year after their marriage, leaving no issue. She lived a discreet life as queen. She was the first Germanic queen consort in half-a-century since Maria Josepha Amalia of Saxony, the third wife of Ferdinand VII.

Regency
Queen Maria Christina of Spain in her youth, 1880s.

When the King died on 25 November 1885, Maria Christina was pregnant, so the throne was vacant, depending on whether Maria Christina's unborn child was a male or a female; a male would make that child king, while a female would place her elder daughter, Infanta María Mercedes, on the throne. During this period, Maria Christina ruled as regent until her child, a son, was born on 17 May 1886; he was King Alfonso XIII of Spain from birth. Maria Christina continued as regent until Alfonso XIII attained his majority in 1902; she is the "Her Majesty The Queen of Spain, The Queen Regent" named as concluding the Treaty of Paris (1898) with the United States of America, ending the Spanish–American War.

Her chief adviser and head of government was Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. Her rule is described as well-balanced and in accordance with respect for constitutional rights, and many political reforms were instated during her regency to prevent political conflicts and chaos. Her role was mostly ceremonial, and her purpose was to preserve the crown for her son until he became an adult.

Titles and styles
  • 21 July 1858 – 29 November 1879: Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria; Princess of Hungary and Bohemia
  • 29 November 1879 – 25 November 1885: Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
  • 25 November 1885 – 17 May 1903: Her Majesty The Queen of Spain, The Queen Regent
  • 17 May 1903 – 31 May 1906: Her Majesty The Queen of Spain
  • 31 May 1906 – 6 February 1929: Her Majesty Queen Maria Christina of Spain

Later life

After her son's marriage in 1906, she lost her position as first lady at court. Nevertheless, Alfonso XIII continued to look to her on many occasions for advice.

In February 1929, after some weeks of heart disease, she died at the Royal Palace in Madrid and is buried at El Escorial. Sir Charles Petrie, Alfonso XIII's biographer, maintained that the Queen dowager's death had a disastrous effect on her son, and that the latter never recovered politically from the blow. Within little more than two years the monarchy had collapsed.

Honours

She received the following awards:[5]

Heraldry

Ancestry

Bibliography

References
  1. "Maria Christina (Henriette Desideria Felicitas Raineria), Sternkreuzordens-Dame, Ehrengroßkreuz des souveränen Malteser-Ritterordens; geb. zu Groß-Seelowitz den 21. Juli 1858, vermählt zu Madrid den 29. November 1879 mit Seiner Majestät Alphons XII., König von Spanien, Inhaber des Infanterie-regiments Nr. 94, Witwe seit 25. November 1885." Schematismus für das kaiserliche und königliche Heer und für die kaiserliche und königliche Kriegsmarine für 1904. Vienna: Druck und Verlag der k.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, December 1903. p.22
  2. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Christina of Spain" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 292.
  3. Wormeley Latimer, p. 382.
  4. http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/czech_eccleastical.htm
  5. Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1918), Genealogy p. 12
  6. "Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1928. p. 231. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  7. Royal Thai Government Gazette (4 June 1899). "พระราชทานเครื่องราชอิสริยาภรณ์ที่ประเทศยุโรป (ต่อแผ่นที่ ๙ หน้า ๑๓๐)" (PDF) (in Thai). Retrieved 8 May 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. M. & B. Wattel (2009). Les Grand'Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers. Paris: Archives & Culture. pp. 21, 450, 598. ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  9. Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014). "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]. Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese). 9–10: 12–13. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  10. Cancillería.- Acta de la entrega de la Rosa de Oro que Su Santidad León XIII remite á S. M . la Reina Regente de España (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). 4 July 1886. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
  11. 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 157.
  12. Royal Decree of 19 January 1902
  13. Joseph Whitaker (1897). An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ... J. Whitaker. p. 110.

Sources
  • Campos y Fernández de Sevilla, Francisco-Javier. María Cristina de Habsburgo y la Regencia, 1885–1902. San Lorenzo de El Escorial: Estudios Superiores del Escorial, Real Colegio Universitario "María Cristina", 1994.
  • Cancio R. Capote, Rita Maria. The Function of Maria Christina of Austria's Regency, 1885–1902, in Preserving the Spanish Monarchy. México: Ediciones Botas, 1957.
  • Figueroa y Torres, Alvaro de, Conde de Romanones. Doña María Cristina de Habsburgo Lorena, la discreta regente de España. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1934.
  • Martín Alonso, Aurelio. Diez y seis años de regencia, María Cristina de Hapsburgo-Lorena, 1885–1902. Barcelona: L. Tasso, 1914.
  • Thoma, Helga. Habsburgs letzte Herrscherin: Maria Christine, Erzherzogin von Österreich, Königin-Regentin von Spanien. Wien-Klosterneuburg: Edition Va Bene, 2003.
  • Wormeley Latimer, Elizabeth (1907). Spain in the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
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Maria Christina of Austria
Born: 21 July 1858 Died: 6 February 1929
Spanish royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Mercedes of Orléans		 Queen consort of Spain
29 November 1879 – 25 November 1885		 Vacant
Title next held by
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg
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