Prehypertension

Prehypertension, also known as high normal blood pressure and borderline hypertensive (BH),[1] is an American medical classification for cases where a person's blood pressure is elevated above normal, but not to the level considered hypertension (high blood pressure). Prehypertension is blood pressure readings with a systolic pressure from 120 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic pressure from 80 to 89 mm Hg. Readings greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg are considered hypertension. Classification of blood pressure is based upon two or more readings at two or more separate occasions separated by at least one week. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) proposed the new labeling for elevated blood pressure values below 140/90 to more accurately communicate the tendency of blood pressure to rise with age.[2]

Prehypertension
Other namesHigh normal blood pressure, borderline hypertensive (BH)
SpecialtyCardiology

Signs and symptoms

Prehypertension is often asymptomatic (without symptoms) at the time of diagnosis. Only extremely elevated blood pressure (malignant hypertension) can, in rare cases, cause headaches, visual changes, fatigue, or dizziness, but these are nonspecific symptoms which can occur with many other conditions. Thus, blood pressures above normal can go undiagnosed for a long period of time.

Cause

Elevated blood pressure develops gradually over many years usually without a specific identifiable cause. However, possible medical causes, such as medications, kidney disease, adrenal problems or thyroid problems, must first be excluded. High blood pressure that develops over time without a specific cause is considered benign or essential hypertension. Blood pressure also tends to increase as a person ages.

Treatment

To lower the risk of prehypertension progressing to hypertension, modification of lifestyle or behaviors is necessary.

Diet

A low-sodium, high potassium diet is recommended, along with increasing physical activity to at least thirty minutes a day most days of the week, quitting smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and maintaining a healthy weight.[3]

Specifically, a diet that is high in fruits and vegetables (aim for half of your meal including non-starchy vegetables, like leafy greens, beans, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, etc.), whole grains, low in refined grains (e.g., white breads and baked goods made from white flour), low in saturated fats ( e.g., fatty cuts of meat or fried foods) and low in sodium (homemade or minimally processed) have been demonstrated through randomized controlled studies to significantly lower blood pressure. These types of diet changes alone can lower blood pressure greater than any single drug therapy. The effects of both diet and sodium reduction work together, meaning the more you improve your diet to include less saturated fat and more fruits and vegetables OR lower your sodium intake significantly below what is typical in industrialized nations, like the United States, the greater the benefit will be seen. Similarly, the better the quality of diet, the more the results will be seen. Significant results have been seen in 30 days.[4]

Some research indicates that low-fat, low-sodium diets may have little to no effect on treating hypertension, particularly in cases of diabetics.[5] There are also links to high-carbohydrate diets heavy in refined carbohydrates (sugar, corn syrup, white flour) as potential sources for increases in blood pressure.[6] Recent research has found that low carbohydrate diets can lower weight and blood pressure in manners similar to medications.[7]

Foods rich in potassium include banana, papaya, sweet potato, dark leafy greens, avocado, prune juice, tomato juice, oranges, milk, yogurt, dried beans such as navy, pinto and black beans, chickpeas, lentils, beef, pork, fish, nuts and seeds such as pistachio, almonds, pumpkin, flax and sunflower seeds.[8]

Monitoring

Careful monitoring for signs of end-organ damage or progression to hypertension is an important part of the follow-up of patients with prehypertension. Any change in blood pressure classification should be confirmed on at least one subsequent visit.

The major indication for pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy is progression to hypertension. The threshold is lower in patients with diabetes, chronic kidney failure, or cardiovascular disease.[9] The target blood pressure for these conditions is currently less than 120/80 mm Hg.

Home monitoring

Home monitoring of blood pressure can be used to monitor and track prehypertensive patients. This can help to raise the awareness of the patient and their doctor if their blood pressure levels rise to hypertensive levels. Home monitoring can help to avoid white coat hypertension which results in blood pressure levels being elevated due to the presence of a doctor or physician in a ‘white coat’. Monitoring at home or work at regular times each day helps diagnose a patient with prehypertension or hypertension.

The American Heart Association website[10] says, "You may have what's called 'white coat hypertension'; that means your blood pressure goes up when you're at the doctor's office. Monitoring at home will help you measure your true blood pressure and can provide your doctor with a log of blood pressure measurements over time. This is helpful in diagnosing and preventing potential health problems."

People using home blood pressure monitoring devices are increasingly also using blood pressure charting software. These charting methods provide print outs for the patient's physician and reminders to check blood pressure.

Prognosis

The extent to which prehypertension constitutes a serious health concern remains controversial.[11] Several long-term studies have suggested no significant increase in all-cause mortality over long periods of time for individuals falling within the prehypertensive range.[12][13] Many studies further indicate a J-shaped relationship between blood pressure and mortality, whereby both very high and very low levels are associated with notable increases in mortality.[14] On the other hand, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggests that people with prehypertension are at a higher risk for developing hypertension, or high blood pressure, compared to people with normal blood pressure.[15]

According to some studies, prehypertension can increase the risk for heart attacks, strokes, congestive heart failure, and kidney failure.[16][17] One study found that a prehypertensive person is more than three times more likely to have a heart attack and 1.7 times more likely to have heart disease than a person with normal blood pressure.[18] A meta-analysis concluded that prehypertension increases the risk of stroke, and that even low-range prehypertension significantly increases stroke risk.[19]

Epidemiology

Data from the 1999 and 2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) estimated that the prevalence of prehypertension among adults in the United States was approximately 31 percent.[20] The prevalence was higher among men than women (39 and 23 percent, respectively).[21]

Risk factors

A primary risk factor for prehypertension is being overweight. Other risk factors include a family history of hypertension, a sedentary lifestyle, eating high sodium foods, smoking, and excessive alcohol or caffeine intake. Blood pressure levels appear to be familial, but there is no clear genetic pattern.

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See also

References
  1. Logan, Carolynn M.; Rice, M. Katherine (1987). Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations. J. B. Lippincott and Company. p. 58. ISBN 0-397-54589-4.
  2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. (May 2003). "The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report". JAMA. 289 (19): 2560–72. doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560. PMID 12748199.
  4. [Sacks, F. M., Svetkey, L. P., Vollmer, W. M., Appel, L. J., Bray, G. A., Harsha, D., ... & Karanja, N. (2001). Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 344(1), 3-10.]
  5. Taubes, Gary (2007-09-25). Good Calories, Bad Calories: Challenging the Conventional Wisdom on Diet, Weight Control, and Disease: Gary Taubes: 9781400040780: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN 978-1400040780.
  6. http://americanheart.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=829
  7. "Low-Carb Diet Lowers Blood Pressure - High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) and Related Information on". Medicinenet.com. 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  8. "Functions and Food Sources of Common Minerals". Dietitians of Canada. 2011-11-03. Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2017-07-02.
  9. Sipahi I, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. (August 2006). "Effects of normal, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive blood pressure levels on progression of coronary atherosclerosis". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48 (4): 833–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.045. PMID 16904557.
  10. American Heart Association website
  11. Smetana, GW (2011). "Rethinking "Abnormal" Blood Pressure: What is the Value?". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 26 (7): 678–680. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1737-2. PMC 3138596. PMID 21557032.
  12. Taylor, BC; Wilt, TJ; Welch, HG (2011). "Impact of diastolic and systolic blood pressure on mortality: Implications for the definition of "normal"". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 26 (7): 685–90. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1660-6. PMC 3138604. PMID 21404131.
  13. Port, S; Demer, L; Jennrich, R; Walter, D; Garfinkel, A (2000). "Systolic blood pressure and mortality". Lancet. 355 (9199): 175–80. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07051-8. PMID 10675116.
  14. Messerli, Franz H.; Panjrath, Gurusher S. (2009). "The J-Curve Between Blood Pressure and Coronary Artery Disease or Essential Hypertension". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 54 (20): 1827–1834. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.073. PMID 19892233.
  15. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute<"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-31. Retrieved 2011-11-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)>
  16. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA, Mohammad Y (September 2005). "Is prehypertension a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?". Stroke. 36 (9): 1859–63. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000177495.45580.f1. PMID 16081866.
  17. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, et al. (November 2001). "Impact of high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (18): 1291–7. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa003417. PMID 11794147.
  18. American Heart Association (2005, August 6). Prehypertension Triples Heart Attack Risk
  19. Huang, Y; Cai X; Li Y; Su L; Mai W; Wang S; Hu Y; Wu Y; Xu D. (Mar 12, 2014). "Prehypertension and the risk of stroke: A meta-analysis". Neurology. 82 (13): 1153–61. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000268. PMID 24623843.
  20. http://www.uptodate.com. Prehypertension and Borderline Hypertension, Nov 15, 2007
  21. Hsia J, Margolis KL, Eaton CB, et al. (February 2007). "Prehypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in the Women's Health Initiative". Circulation. 115 (7): 855–60. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.656850. PMID 17309936.
Classification
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