Pretty Cure
The Pretty Cure Series (プリキュアシリーズ, Purikyua Shirīzu), also known as PreCure (プリキュア, Purikyua) and PC, is a Japanese magical girl anime franchise created by Izumi Todo and produced by Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, Asatsu-DK and Toei Animation. Each series revolves around a group of magical girls known as Pretty Cures who battle against evil forces. Starting in February 2004 with Futari wa Pretty Cure, the franchise has seen many anime series, spanning over 800 episodes to date, as well as spawning movies, manga, toys, and video games. Its most recent iteration, Healin' Good PreCure, began airing in February 2020 as part of TV Asahi's Sunday morning children's television block. To date, four series have received English adaptations.
| Pretty Cure | |
|---|---|
 The fifteenth anniversary logo for the Pretty Cure franchise | |
| Created by | Izumi Todo Toei Animation |
| Original work | Futari wa Pretty Cure |
| Films and television | |
| Film(s) | List of Pretty Cure films, Pretty Cure All Stars |
| Television series | See below |
| Theatrical presentations | |
| Play(s) | Precure Kids |
| Musical(s) | See below |
| Games | |
| Video game(s) | See below |
| Miscellaneous | |
| Toy(s) | S.H. Figuarts |
Overview
Each series focuses on a group of teenage girls who are granted special items that allow them to transform into legendary warriors known as the Pretty Cure. With the assistance of creatures known as fairies, the Pretty Cure use their magical powers and enhanced strength to fight against evil forces who create monsters to bring misery to the Earth and further their plans. As the series progresses and stronger enemies appear, the Cures gain new magical items, new abilities, and sometimes new allies to help them in their fight against evil.
Main series
There are currently seventeen anime television series in the franchise, two of which are direct sequels to their previous series. To date, four of the series have received English adaptations. Futari wa Pretty Cure was dubbed into English by Ocean Group and aired in Canada under the name Pretty Cure. Smile PreCure! and DokiDoki! PreCure were adapted by Saban Brands and released on Netflix under the names Glitter Force and Glitter Force Doki Doki, respectively. Both Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode and Healin' Good Pretty Cure began streaming in Crunchyroll on their respective territories. Each series has received a manga adaptation illustrated by Futago Kamikita, which is published in Kodansha's Nakayoshi shoujo magazine alongside the anime.
As of 2020, Toei Animation Inc. owns the international rights to the franchise while both the dubs of Smile and DokiDoki alongside the Glitter Force brand is currently owned by Hasbro.[1][2][3][4]
The Healin' Good Pretty Cure 13th episode, originally scheduled to air on April 26, 2020, was postponed until June 28, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the series re-airing select episodes during this time.[5][6]
| No. | Title | Generation | Run | Episodes | Series director | Ref(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Futari wa Pretty Cure | 1st | 2004–2005 | 49 | Daisuke Nishio | ||
| 2 | Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart | 2005–2006 | 47 | ||||
| 3 | Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star | 2nd | 2006–2007 | 49 | Toshiaki Komura | ||
| 4 | Yes! PreCure 5 | 3rd | 2007–2008 | 49 | |||
| 5 | Yes! PreCure 5 GoGo! | 2008–2009 | 48 | ||||
| 6 | Fresh Pretty Cure! | 4th | 2009–2010 | 50 | Junji Shimizu, Akifumi Zako | ||
| 7 | HeartCatch PreCure! | 5th | 2010–2011 | 49 | Tatsuya Nagamine | ||
| 8 | Suite PreCure | 6th | 2011–2012 | 48 | Munehisa Sakai | ||
| 9 | Smile PreCure! | 7th | 2012–2013 | 48 | Takashi Otsuka | ||
| 10 | DokiDoki! PreCure | 8th | 2013–2014 | 49 | Go Koga | [7][8] | |
| 11 | HappinessCharge PreCure! | 9th | 2014–2015 | 49 | Tatsuya Nagamine | ||
| 12 | Go! Princess PreCure | 10th | 2015–2016 | 50 | Yuta Tanaka | [9][10] | |
| 13 | Witchy PreCure! | 11th | 2016–2017 | 50 | Masato Mitsuka | [11][12] | |
| 14 | Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode | 12th | 2017–2018 | 49 | Kohei Kureta, Yukio Kaizawa | [13] | |
| 15 | Hugtto! PreCure | 13th | 2018–2019 | 49 | Junichi Sato, Akifumi Zako | [14][15] | |
| 16 | Star Twinkle PreCure | 14th | 2019–2020 | 49 | Hiroaki Miyamoto | [16] | |
| 17 | Healin' Good Pretty Cure | 15th | 2020 | 20 | Yoko Ikeda | [17] | |
| Total | 2004–present | 802 | - | ||||
Films
Beginning with Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart, each television series has received a theatrical animated film based on the series, with Max Heart receiving two films. Starting in March 2009, crossover films featuring characters from multiple series have been released annually, with 12 crossover films released to date. The eleventh crossover film, Hugtto! PreCure Futari wa Pretty Cure: All Stars Memories, has been awarded the Guinness World Records title for "Most Magical Warriors in an Anime Film", with a total number of 55 Cures with speaking roles.[18]
Adaptations
Musicals
Live stage shows since Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart began on February 2005. They don't usually have special names like the movies or games, and they are performed in theatres, or live stages. These musicals are often made for children between the age of 5–9.
Video games
Several video games have been produced by Bandai Namco Entertainment (formerly Bandai) for video game systems and educational consoles, as well as Data Carddass arcade machines.
- Console video games
- Futari wa Pretty Cure: Arienai! Yume no En wa Daimeikyu (ふたりはプリキュア ありえな～い！夢の園は大迷宮, Pretty Cure: Unbelievable! The Dream Park is a Labryinth) (2004, Game Boy Advance)
- Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart: Maji? Maji!? Fight de IN Janai (ふたりはプリキュアマックスハート マジ?マジ?!ファイト de INじゃない, Pretty Cure Max Heart! : Really? Really!? A Fight is Okay, Isn't It?) (2005, Game Boy Advance)
- Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart: Danzen! DS de Precure - Chikara wo Awasete Dai Battle (ふたりはプリキュアマックスハート DANZEN!DSでプリキュア力をあわせて大バトル！!, Pretty Cure Max Heart: - Absolutely! Pretty Cure on DS - The Great Battle Where Power Gathers) (2005, Nintendo DS)
- Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star: Panpaka Game de Zekkōchō! (ふたりはプリキュア Splash Star パンパカゲームでぜっこうちょう!, Pretty Cure Splash Star - In Top Condition for the PanPaka Game!) (2006, Nintendo DS)
- Yes! PreCure 5 (Yes！プリキュア5) (2007, Nintendo DS)
- Yes! PreCure 5 GoGo!: Zenin Shu Go! Dream Festival (Yes！プリキュア5GoGo！ 全員しゅーGo!ドリームフェスティバル, Yes! PreCure 5 GoGo!: All Assembled! Dream Festival) (2008, Nintendo DS)
- Fresh Pretty Cure: Asobi Collection (フレッシュプリキュア!あそびコレクション, Fresh Pretty Cure: Play Collection) (2009, Nintendo DS)
- HeartCatch PreCure! Oshare Collection (ハートキャッチプリキュア!おしゃれコレクション, HeartCatch PreCure! Fashion Collection) (2010, Nintendo DS)
- Koe de Asobō! HeartCatch PreCure! (こえであそぼう!ハートキャッチプリキュア!, Let's Play With Voices! HeartCatch PreCure!) (2010, Nintendo DS)
- Suite PreCure♪: Melody Collection (スイートプリキュア♪ メロディコレクション) (2011, Nintendo DS)
- Smile PreCure! Let's Go! Märchen World (スマイルプリキュア! レッツゴー！メルヘンワールド) (2012, Nintendo 3DS)
- PreCure All Stars: Zenin Shūgō☆Let's Dance! (プリキュアオールスターズ ぜんいんしゅうごう☆レッツダンス！, PreCure All Stars: All Together☆Let's Dance!) (2013, Wii)
- DokiDoki! PreCure: Narikiri Life! (ドキドキ!プリキュア なりきりライフ!, DokiDoki! Precure: Impersonator Life!) (2013, Nintendo 3DS)
- HappinessCharge PreCure! Kawarun Collection (ハピネスチャージプリキュア! カワルン☆コレクション, HappinessCharge PreCure! Sparking Collection) (2014, Nintendo 3DS)
- Go! Princess PreCure: Sugar Ōkoku to Rokunin no Princess (Go!プリンセスプリキュア シュガー王国と6人のプリンセス, Go! Princess PreCure: The Sugar Kingdom and the 6 Princesses) (2015, Nintendo 3DS)
- PreCure Tsunagaru Puzzlun (プリキュアつながるぱずるん, PreCure Connecting Puzzlun) (2017, iOS, Android)
- Nari Kids Park: Hugtto! PreCure (なりキッズパーク HUGっと！プリキュア) (2018, Nintendo Switch)
- Arcade game
- PreCure All Stars Data Carddass series (プリキュアデータカードダスシリーズ) (2007–2017)
- Educational titles
- Futari wa Pretty Cure (ふたりはプリキュア) (2004, Sega Pico)
- Futari wa Pretty Cure: Max Heart (ふたりはプリキュアMax Heart) (2005, Beena)
- Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star (ふたりはプリキュアスプラッシュスター) (2006, Beena)
- Yes! Pretty Cure 5 Go Go: Love Love Hiragana Lesson (Yes！プリキュア5GoGo！lovelove☆ひらがなレッスン) (2008, Beena)
- Isshoni Henshin Fresh Pretty Cure (いっしょにへんしん♥フレッシュプリキュア！) (2009, Beena)
- Oshare ni Henshin HeartCatch PreCure! (おしゃれにへんしん ハートキャッチプリキュア！) (2010, Beena)
- Suite PreCure♪: Happy Oshare Harmony☆ (スイートプリキュア♪ハッピーおしゃれハーモニー☆) (2011, Beena)
Live-action drama
A live-action series, Koe Girl! (声ガール！, Koe Gāru!), aired in Japan between April and June 2018, celebrating the franchise's 15th anniversary. The series follows a group of aspiring voice actresses and stars Haruka Fukuhara, who voiced Himari Arisugawa/Cure Custard in Kirakira PreCure a la Mode.[19]
List of series characters
| Series | Transformation cures | Debut episode | Transformer | Voiced | Partner fairy | Makeover Item | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Futari wa Pretty Cure Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart |
Cure Black （キュアブラック） | "No Mark" 1 | Nagisa Misumi （美墨 なぎさ/みすみ なぎさ） | Yōko Honna | Mepple | Precure card Card Commune Heartful commune | |
| Cure White （キュアホワイト） | Honoka Yukishiro （雪城 ほのか/ゆきしろ ほのか） | Yukana | Mipple | ||||
| Shiny Luminous （シャイニールミナス） | "Max Heart" 5 | Hikari Kujo （九条 ひかり/くじょう ひかり） | Rie Tanaka | Porun Lulun | Touch commune | ||
| Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star | Cure Bloom (キュアブルーム) | 1 | Saki Hyuuga （日向 咲/ひゅうが さき） | Orie Kimoto | Flappy Moof | Pretty Cure Diamond Mixed commune Crystal Commune | |
| Cure Bright (キュアブライト) | 30 | ||||||
| Cure Egret (キュアイーグレット) | 1 | Mai Mishou （美翔 舞/みしょう まい） | Atsuko Enomoto | Choppy Foof | |||
| Cure Windy (キュアウィンディ) | 30 | ||||||
| Yes! PreCure 5 Yes! PreCure 5GoGo! |
Cure Dream (キュアドリーム) | "5" 1 | Nozomi Yumehara | Yūko Sanpei | |||
| Cure Rouge (キュアルージュ) | "5" 2 | Rin Natsuki | Junko Takeuchi | ||||
| Cure Lemonade (キュアレモネード) | "5" 3 | Urara Kasugano | Mariya Ise | ||||
| Cure Mint (キュアミント) | "5" 4 | Komachi Akimoto | Ai Nagano | ||||
| Cure Aqua (キュアアクア) | "5" 6 | Karen Minazuki | Ai Maeda | ||||
| Milky Rose (ミルキィローズ) | "GoGo!" 10 | Kurumi Mimino / Milk | Eri Sendai | ||||
| Fresh Pretty Cure! | Cure Peach (キュアピーチ) | 1 | Love Momozono | Kanae Oki | |||
| Cure Berry (キュアベリー) | 2 | Miki Aono | Eri Kitamura | ||||
| Cure Pine (キュアパイン) | 3 | Inori Yamabuki | Akiko Nakagawa | ||||
| Cure Passion (キュアパッション) | 23 | Setsuna Higashi | Yuka Komatsu | ||||
| HeartCatch PreCure! | Cure Blossom (キュアブロッサム) | 1 | Tsubomi Hanasaki | Nana Mizuki | |||
| Cure Marine (キュアマリン) | 3 | Erika Kurumi | Fumie Mizusawa | ||||
| Cure Sunshine (キュアサンシャイン) | 23 | Itsuki Myoudouin | Houko Kuwashima | ||||
| Cure Moonlight (キュアムーンライト) | 33 | Yuri Tsukikage | Aya Hisakawa | ||||
| Suite PreCure | Cure Melody (キュアメロディ) | 1 | Hibiki Hojo | Ami Koshimizu | Dory | Hummy | |
| Cure Rhythm (キュアリズム) | Kanade Minamino | Fumiko Orikasa | Rery | ||||
| Cure Beat (キュアビート) | 21 | Eren Kurokawa / Siren | Megumi Toyoguchi | Lary | |||
| Cure Muse (キュアミューズ) | 35 | Ako Shirabe | Rumi Ōkubo | Dodory | |||
| Smile PreCure! | Cure Happy (キュアハッピー) | 1 | Miyuki Hoshizora | Misato Fukuen | |||
| Cure Sunny (キュアサニー) | 2 | Akane Hino | Asami Tano | ||||
| Cure Peace (キュアピース) | 3 | Yayoi Kise | Hisako Kanemoto | ||||
| Cure March (キュアマーチ) | 4 | Nao Midorikawa | Marina Inoue | ||||
| Cure Beauty (キュアビューティ) | 5 | Reika Aoki | Chinami Nishimura | ||||
| DokiDoki! PreCure | Cure Heart (キュアハート) | 1 | Mana Aida | Hitomi Nabatame | Sharuru | ||
| Cure Diamond (キュアダイヤモンド) | 3 | Rikka Hishikawa | Minako Kotobuki | Raquel | |||
| Cure Rosetta (キュアロゼッタ) | 4 | Alice Yotsuba | Mai Fuchigami | Lance | |||
| Cure Sword (キュアソード) | 1 | Makoto Kenzaki | Kanako Miyamoto | Dabyi | |||
| Cure Ace (キュアエース) | 22 | Aguri Madoka | Rie Kugimiya | Ai | |||
| HappinessCharge PreCure! | Cure Lovely | 1 | Megumi Aino | Megumi Nakajima | |||
| Cure Princess | Hime Shirayuki | Megumi Han | |||||
| Cure Honey | 9 | Yuuko Omori | Rina Kitagawa | ||||
| Cure Fortune | 1 | Iona Hikawa | Haruka Tomatsu | ||||
| Go! Princess PreCure | Cure Flora | 1 | Haruka Haruno | Yū Shimamura | |||
| Cure Mermaid | 2 | Minami Kaido | Masumi Asano | ||||
| Cure Twinkle | 4 | Kirara Amanogawa | Hibiku Yamamura | ||||
| Cure Scarlet | 22 | Towa Akagi | Miyuki Sawashiro | ||||
| Maho Girls PreCure! | Cure Miracle | 1 | Mirai Asahina | Rie Takahashi | |||
| Cure Magical | Riko Izayoi | Yui Horie | |||||
| Cure Felice | 22 | Kotoha Hanami / Ha-chan | Saori Hayami | ||||
| Kirakira PreCure a la Mode[20] | Cure Whip | 1 | Ichika Usami | Karen Miyama | |||
| Cure Custard | 2 | Himari Arisugawa | Haruka Fukuhara | ||||
| Cure Gelato | 3 | Aoi Tategami | Tomo Muranaka | ||||
| Cure Macaron | 5 | Yukari Kotozume | Saki Fujita | ||||
| Cure Chocolat | 6 | Akira Kenjou | Nanako Mori | ||||
| Cure Parfait | 23 | Ciel Kirahoshi / Kirarin | Inori Minase | ||||
| Hugtto! PreCure | Cure Yell | 1 | Hana Nono | Rie Hikisaka | |||
| Cure Ange | 2 | Saaya Yakushiji | Rina Hon'izumi | ||||
| Cure Etoile | 5 | Homare Kagayaki | Yui Ogura | ||||
| Cure Macherie | 20 | Emiru Aisaki | Nao Tamura | ||||
| Cure Amour | Ruru Amour | Yukari Tamura | |||||
| Star Twinkle PreCure | Cure Star | 1 | Hikaru Hoshina | Eimi Naruse | |||
| Cure Milky | 2 | Lala Hagoromo | Konomi Kohara | ||||
| Cure Soleil | 4 | Elena Amamiya | Kiyono Yasuno | ||||
| Cure Selene | 5 | Madoka Kaguya | Mikako Komatsu | ||||
| Cure Cosmo | 20 | Yuni | Sumire Uesaka | ||||
| Healin' Good Pretty Cure | Cure Grace | 1 | Nodoka Hanadera | Aoi Yūki | Rabirin
Pegitan Nyatoran Latte |
||
| Cure Fontaine | 3 | Chiyu Sawaizumi | Natsu Yorita | ||||
| Cure Sparkle | 4 | Hinata Hiramitsu | Hiyori Kono | ||||
| Cure Earth | 19 | Asumi Furin | Suzuko Mimori | ||||
Reception
The combination of transmedia text products, including anime series, films, live performances, theme stores, and toys, has been analyzed as a "system of consumption, knowledge and action [that] creates a lifestyle-text, a set of fictional media works that are synonymous with the lifestyle practices they promote."[21]
The Pretty Cure films are the seventh highest-grossing anime film franchise.[22] Bandai Namco's net income from Pretty Cure video game sales was ¥3.6 billion ($45.12 million) from April 2008 to March 2012, ¥1 billion ($10.26 million) from April 2012 to March 2013, ¥700 million ($7 million) from April 2013 to March 2014, and ¥500 million ($5 million) from April 2014 to March 2016, adding up to ¥26.9 billion ($67.4 million) net sales revenue for Bandai Namco.[23]
Merchandise
Pretty Cure has had numerous licensed merchandise sold in Japan. Between 2004 and 2007, Pretty Cure licensed merchandise sold ¥162.13 billion in Japan, where it became the sixth highest-grossing franchise annually by 2005.[24] Pretty Cure licensed merchandise in Japan later sold ¥49,915.44 million in 2008,[25] ¥62,449.2 million in 2009,[26] and ¥76,646 million in 2010, becoming Japan's fifth highest-grossing franchise annually.[27] Pretty Cure licensed merchandise later sold ¥63.12 billion in 2011,[24] ¥63,508 million in 2012,[28] ¥61,701 million in 2013,[29] ¥45,461 million in 2014,[30] ¥45.64 billion in 2015,[31] and ¥49.76 billion in 2016.[32] Combined, Pretty Cure licensed merchandise sold ¥617.274 billion ($7.14 billion) in Japan up until 2016. Bandai Namco's net income from their Pretty Cure toy sales was ¥24 billion ($217.34 million) from April 2017 to December 2019.[23] In total, Pretty Cure has generated at least ¥641.274 billion ($7.357 billion) in merchandise sales as of 2019.
References
- "Saban Brands Gives Glitter Force Trademark to Toei Animation - The Tokusatsu Network". The Tokusatsu Network. 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- "Glitter Force Brand's Rights Move to Hasbro". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- "Glitter Force". 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- Hasbro. "Glitter Force – a legendary superhero squad". www.glitterforce.com. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
- "Digimon Adventure:, Healin' Good Precure Delay New Episodes Due to COVID-19". Anime News Network. April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-06-20/healin-good-precure-anime-resumes-new-episodes-on-june-28-after-covid-19-delay/.160877
- "Dokidoki! Precure Trademark Filed in Japan". Anime News Network. 2012-10-24. Retrieved 2012-11-01.
- "Dokidoki! Precure Revealed as New Precure With Logo - News". Anime News Network. 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
- "'Go! Princess Precure' Trademark Filed". 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- "Next PreCure Series will be "Go! Princess PreCure"?". 30 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- "'Mahō Tsukai Precure' Trademark Filed". AnimeNewsNetwork.com. 19 October 2015.
- "Toei Animation USA - Precure". toei-animation-usa.com. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
- "'Kirakira PreCure a la Mode' Trademark Filed - News". Anime News Network. 2016-10-25.
- "'Hugtto! Precure' Trademark Filed". Anime News Network. 2017-10-16.
- "Toei Confirms Hugtto! Precure TV Anime for 2018". Anime News Network. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
- "作品情報(さくひんじょうほう) | スター☆トゥインクルプリキュア | 東映アニメーション". www.toei-anim.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2019-09-24.
- @trademark_bot (22 October 2019). "東映アニメーション株式会社により「ヒーリングっど♡プリキュア」が商標登録出願されていることが、公開商標公報から明らかになりました。出願番号は2019-130108です。" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "55 anime characters unite in anniversary film to achieve unique record". Guinness World Records. 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
- "Precure Anime Inspires Live-Action Show About Aspiring Voice Actresses". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2019-03-31.
- "'Kirakira PreCure a la Mode' Trademark Filed - News". Anime News Network. 2016-10-25.
- Benson, Anya C. (2019). "Becoming Purikyua: Building the lifestyle-text in Japanese girls' franchises". Contemporary Japan. 31 (1): 61–78. doi:10.1080/18692729.2018.1558023.
- "Box Office Gross, TV Anime Adaptations". Someanithing. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
- "Financial Statements". IR Library (in Japanese). Bandai Namco Holdings. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
- "在日本，地位最高的动漫是哆啦a梦么？". Taojinjubao. Character Databank (CharaBiz). 2018-01-06. Archived from the original on 2018-09-09. Retrieved 2018-09-14.
- "Japan's Character Products Market in 2008". Licensing Industry Merchandiser's Association. Character Databank (CharaBiz). 2010. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
- "09年国内キャラ市場1兆5770億円 CharaBiz DATA調 – アニメ！アニメ！ビズ". AnimeAnime.biz (in Japanese). May 29, 2010.
- コンテンツ2次利用市場（ライセンス市場）に係る 競争環境及び海外市場動向実態調査 (PDF). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. 2011. pp. 22–23.
- "慶應義塾大学学術情報リポジトリ（KOARA）". KeiO Associated Repository of Academic Resources (in Japanese). Keio University: 8–9. 2015.
- CharaBiz DATA 2014(13) (in Japanese). Character Databank, Ltd. 2014.
- CharaBiz DATA 2015⑭ (in Japanese). Character Databank, Ltd. 2015.
- CharaBiz DATA 2016⑮ (in Japanese). Character Databank, Ltd. 2016.
- CharaBiz DATA 2017(16) (in Japanese). Character Databank, Ltd. 2017.
Further reading
- Berman, Jennifer (8 February 2005). "Pretty Cure". T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews.
- Martin, Theron (24 June 2009). "Pretty Cure Episodes 1-14 Streaming". Anime News Network.
- Hartzheim, Bryan Hikari (October 2016). "Pretty Cure and the Magical Girl Media Mix". The Journal of Popular Culture. 49 (5): 1059–1085. doi:10.1111/jpcu.12465.
External links
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