Plankton net

A Plankton net is equipment used for collecting samples of plankton in standing bodies of water. It consists of a towing line and bridles, nylon mesh net, and a cod end. Plankton nets are considered one of the oldest, simplest and inexpensive methods of sampling plankton.[1] The plankton net can be used for both vertical and horizontal sampling.[1] It allows researchers to analyse plankton both quantitatively (cell density, cell colony or biomass) and qualitatively (e.g. Chlorophyll-a as a primary production of phytoplankton) in water samples from the environment.

A simple plankton net
Cod end—an outlet valve with collecting cylinder
The upper part of a plankton net consisting of (1) towing line connected to (2) three-point bridle, which are responsible for holding the plankton net

Components

Towing line and bridles

The towing line and bridle is the upper part of a plankton net and used to hold it. The towing lines connected to the triangle bridles are made of nylon rope and can be adjust to a level suitable for the user.

Nylon mesh net

The nylon mesh net is the middle part of the plankton net and is used to filter the plankton in the water sample in accordance with the size of the mesh. In addition, its funnel shape makes it possible to effectively capture plankton of various sizes.[2] There are various mesh sizes for nets, depending on the target microorganism to be collected and the condition of the water body. The narrower the mesh size, the smaller the plankton in the water sample.

For example, in order to obtain small invertebrates measuring 50 to 1500 μm, a net mesh size between 25 and 50 μm diameter should be selected, which is sufficient to effectively filter only the target organism.[3] However, in a eutrophic water condition, a plankton net with a mesh larger than 100 μm should be chosen to avoid clogging the net.

Cod end

The cod end is located in the lower part of the plankton net at the end of the funnel. It has a collecting cylinder and a valve for opening and closing it.

Use

One common method for collecting a plankton sample is to tow the net horizontally using a low-speed boat. Before collecting the plankton, the net should be rinsed with the sample water. The user should ensure that the cod end is completely closed by turning the valve into a vertical position. Then the plankton net is then lowered horizontal to the water surface at the side of the slowly moving boat. Sampling is done for 1.5 minutes.[4] After this time, the plankton sample is collected in a sample bottle by opening the cod end above it by turning the valve horizontally.

When the sample is collected it can be analyzed using a microscope to identify the type of zooplankton or phytoplankton, or a cell count can be undertaken to determine the plankton cell density of the water source.

History

John Vaughan Thompson developed a plankton net during his return voyage from Mauritius, which reached the UK in 1816. Impressed by marine bioluminescence in small crustacea he later named Sapphirina, he felt "under great obligations to this beautiful little animal, which by its splendid appearance in the water induced me to commence the use of a muslin hoop-net, which when it failed to procure me a specimen, brought up such a profusion of other marine animals altogether invisible while in the sea, as to induce a continued use of it on every favourable opportunity." He published his research in a series of six memoirs from 1828 to 1834.[5]

The second recorded use of a plankton net was by Charles Darwin on 10 January 1832, during the Beagle survey voyage. His diary included a sketch of the net, which appears to have been based on a trawl net described by John Coldstream in a letter to Darwin. It is possible that Thompson's idea had earlier been drawn to Darwin's attention by Robert Edmond Grant in Edinburgh. Darwin describes this "contrivance" as "a bag four feet deep, made of bunting, & attached to [a] semicircular bow this by lines is kept upright, & dragged behind the vessel". The next day he remarked that "The number of animals that the net collects is very great & fully explains the manner so many animals of a large size live so far from land. — Many of these creatures so low in the scale of nature are most exquisite in their forms & rich colours. — It creates a feeling of wonder that so much beauty should be apparently created for such little purpose."[6]

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gollark: As you can see, centre-justification follows from the combination of left- and right-justification.
gollark: Left-justification:> Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in critique of social hierarchy.[1][2][3][4] Left-wing politics typically involves a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished.[1] According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, left-wing supporters "claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated."[5] No language (except esoteric apioforms) *truly* lacks generics. Typically, they have generics, but limited to a few "blessed" built-in data types; in C, arrays and pointers; in Go, maps, slices and channels. This of course creates vast inequality between the built-in types and the compiler writers and the average programmers with their user-defined data types, which cannot be generic. Typically, users of the language are forced to either manually monomorphise, or use type-unsafe approaches such as `void*`. Both merely perpetuate an unjust system which must be abolished.
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See also

References
  1. Gutkowska, Agnieszka; Paturej, Ewa; Kowalska, Ewa (2012). "Qualitative and quantitative methods for sampling zooplankton in shallow coastal estuaries" (PDF). Ecohydrology & Hydrology. 12 (3): 253–263. doi:10.1016/s1642-3593(12)70208-2.
  2. Office of Marine Programs. "Plankton nets". Census of Marine Life. University of Rhode Island.
  3. Valdecasas, Antonio G.; Aboal, Marina; Cirujano, Santos; Iepure, Sanda; Jaume, Damia; Proctor, Heather; Velasco, Jose Luis. "Sampling continental freshwater" (PDF). The Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA).
  4. Tuney, Inci; Maroulakis, Michalis. "Technical assistance for capacity building on water quality monitoring-Phytoplankton sampling methods". The European Union and the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  5. "John Vaughan Thompson (1779 - 1847)". 30 January 1927. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  6. Keynes, Richard (2001), Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary, Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–22
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