Pinsk Marshes

The Pinsk Marshes (Belarusian: Пінскія балоты, Pinskiya baloty), also known as the Pripet Marshes (Belarusian: Прыпяцкія балоты, Prypiackija baloty), the Polesie Marshes, and the Rokitno Marshes, are a vast natural region of wetlands along the forested basin of the Pripyat River and its tributaries from Brest to the west to Mogilev to the northeast and Kiev to the southeast. It is one of the largest wetland areas of Europe. The city of Pinsk is one of the most important in the area.[1]

Pinsk Marshes
Pripet Marshes

Пінскія балоты / Прыпяцкія балоты
Natural region
View of the marshy areas bounding the Pripyat River
The Pinsk Marshes (Marais de Pinsk) in an 1888 French map by Pierre Foncin.
Pinsk Marshes
Pripet Marshes
The Pinsk Marshes bring together Belarus and Ukraine.
Pinsk Marshes
Pripet Marshes
Pinsk Marshes
Pripet Marshes (Ukraine)
Coordinates: 52°N 27°E
CountriesBelarus and Ukraine
Elevation
135 m (443 ft)
On territory of Pinsk Marshes existed "Sarmatic Lake" (Sarmatica palus) in the 16th century

Overview

The Pinsk Marshes mostly lie within the Polesian Lowland, hence Polesie Marshes (Woodland Marshes), and occupy most of the southern part of Belarus and the north-west of Ukraine. They cover roughly 269,400 square kilometres (104,000 sq mi) surrounding the sandy lowlands of the dense network of rivers and rivulets forming on both sides of the Pripyat River, one of the main tributaries of the Dnieper.[1] Dense woods are interspersed with numerous marshes, moors, ponds and streams extending 480 kilometres (300 mi) west to east and 225 kilometres (140 mi) north to south. The marshes undergo substantial changes in size during the year, with melting snows in springtime and autumn rainfall causing extensive flooding as the river overflows.

Flora

The Pinsk swamps are home to 827 species of higher plants, of which 18 are listed as endangered in the Red Book of Belarus. For the Pinsk swamps typical alternation of open sedge-reed spaces with almost impenetrable shrub thickets. During the spring flood the swamps are almost completely covered with water, so the local population often has to cross through them in boats. [2] On dry "islands" there are areas deciduous pine forests.

Fauna
The Northern crested newt, a salamander of the marsh of Pripiat.

The Pinsk swamps are home to thousands of birds from different biotopes of the Earth (Europe, Asia, Africa, Mediterranean) some of which come to nest here during migrations, and also swamps are a wintering area for many species of migratory birds nesting in northern countries such as Scandinavia, Finland, Baltic countries and Russia. Of the 246 species of birds, which has been observed on this territory 66 species are listed in the Red Book of Belarus. The park nestles a significant number of species that are globally threatened with extinction: Ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca), White-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) (just 2-3 pairs has been observed), Greater spotted eagle (Aquila clanga) (4-6 pairs), Corn crake (Crex crex), Great snipe (Gallinago media). The presence of so many birds of national and international significance underscores the importance of this territory for the conservation of biodiversity of Polesie, Belarus and Europe as a whole.

History
The marshes in a 19th-century painting by Ivan Shishkin.

Historically, for most of the year, the marshes were virtually impassable to major military forces, which influenced strategic planning of all military operations in the region. In Volume VII of Wars of Justinian, by the Roman historian Procopius, is a story that the early Slavs hid out from predators in the Pripet Marshes by breathing through reeds. Like most other wetlands in Europe, the Pinsk Marshes were once seen as an unhealthy area and a focus of sickness. Land reclamation projects of the eastern part of wetlands were started in 1872 and by the late 19th century drainage of the marshes recovered 1.5 million hectares of wetlands for use as pasture and farmland. [3]

First World War

At the start of World War I, the marshes separated the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army from the XII corps; the few roads that traversed the region were narrow and largely unimproved. That left a wide gap, and the Third Army Corps of the Imperial Russian Army poured in before the Austro-Hungarian Second Army's transfer from Serbia was complete. The Russians soon captured the valuable railhead at Lemberg (now Lviv), then in the far east of Austria-Hungary (now part of the western Ukraine), as a result. Throughout the rest of the war, the wetlands remained one of the principal geographic obstacles of the Eastern Front.

Second World War
Wounded German soldiers being evacuated on a light plane in the southern zone of the Pripet Marshes. 1944

The marshes divided the central and southern theatres of operation during World War II, and they served as a hideout for both Soviet and Polish partisans. At one stage during the war, the German administration planned to drain the marshes, 'cleanse' them of their 'degenerate' inhabitants and repopulate the area with German colonists. Konrad Meyer was the leader in command of the 'Pripet plan'. Hitler scuttled the project late in 1941, as he believed that it might entail Dust Bowl conditions.[4]

German racial anthropologist Theodor Poesche had proposed, in the late 19th century, that the Aryan race evolved in the marshes because of the prevalence of albinism.

In 1942, after an uprising, approximately 1,000 Jews escaped from the Łachwa Ghetto, of whom about 600 were able to take refuge in the Pinsk Marshes.

Known as Pripjet-Sümpfe by the Germans, the wetlands were dreaded by the Wehrmacht troops. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Third Reich armies skirted the wetlands, passing through the north or south of it. However, after the debacle of the Eastern Front in 1944, many retreating units such as the 7th, 35th, 134th and 292nd Infantry Divisions had to cut across the marshy areas. They often needed to build tracks with logs over which they could pull light loads in horse-drawn vehicles.[5]

Proposed drainage in 1950s

There was a plan to drain the wetlands during 1952, when the area of the marshes was under Soviet administration.[6]

Chernobyl nuclear disaster

In 1986, the region became world-famous because of the Chernobyl disaster; however, the Pripet Marshes should not be confused with the ghost city of Pripyat. That ill-fated community within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone is located 356 km (221 mi) east-southeast of the geographic center of the Pinsk Marshes area.

gollark: The haskell version uses *floats*, if you can believe that.
gollark: <@!319753218592866315> Fix the code in a way which will *not* entirely kill performance.
gollark: Wonderful.
gollark: ```rust// randomly increase/decrease one of the channels in a color by `range`fn mod_channel(rng: &mut WyRand, range: u16, n: u16) -> u16 { let rand = rng.generate_range(0, range * 2 + 1); let o = ((n as u32) + (rand as u32)).saturating_sub(range as u32); o as u16}```
gollark: This is basically just meant to increase/decrease a `u16` by a randomly generated `u16` amount.

See also

References
  1. Pripet Marshes Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. (in Russian) Main laws of the geographical distribution of marshes
  3. Wetlands Under Threat. World Wide Fund For Nature Living Waters Campaign. Issues Brief 1, p. 1
  4. Blackbourn, David, (2006). The Conquest of Nature: Water, Landscape and the Making of Modern Germany. Jonathan Cape.
  5. Pictorial History Of The Second World War; Volume III - Fighting on the Pripet Marshes
  6. Karakov, G. (George), 1952 plan for the draining of the Pripet Marshes. New York, N.Y. : Research Program on the U.S.S.R., 1953 (OCoLC)623960881.


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