Piano Variations (Copland)

The Piano Variations of American composer Aaron Copland were written for piano solo from January to October 1930. They were dedicated to American writer and literary critic Gerald Sykes (c. 1904–1984) (Anon. 1984), and were originally published in 1932 by Cos Cob Press, which merged with Arrow Music Press in 1938 and was taken over by Boosey & Hawkes in 1956. The approximate performance time is 11 minutes.

Background

The Piano Variations were a product of Copland's second-style period, also called the abstract period, which comprised only instrumental (non-vocal) compositions. During this time, the composer moved away from the jazzy idioms he experimented with in the 1920s and started working more in the direction of absolute music. The influence of composition pedagogue Nadia Boulanger, with whom Copland studied in Paris at the Fontainebleau School of Music for Americans, is prevalent in the formal style, logic, patterns, and attention to detail in the Piano Variations and other works in this period.

Copland stated that he worked on the variations individually without an agenda for fitting them together or sequencing them, which seems to contradict the piece's highly ordered construction and seemingly inevitable development. Copland acknowledged this contradiction but maintained that, in fact, "One fine day when the time was right, the order of the variations fell into place" (Butterworth 1985, 203). Copland had ambitious plans for this "serious piano piece"—the first of three including the Piano Variations (1930), the Piano Sonata (1939–41), and the Piano Fantasy (1957); he worked painstakingly and thought at epic proportions, saying he "should like to call them like Bach did the Goldberg Variations—but thus far haven't been able to think up a good one" (Perlis 2002, 62).

Transcription as Orchestral Variations (1957)

Copland transcribed the Piano Variations for orchestra in 1957 after a commission from the Louisville Orchestra. These Orchestral Variations were premiered the following year under conductor Robert Whitney. Copland regarded the "lean, percussive and rather harmonically severe" quality of the piano (Johnson 2005) as essential to the Piano Variations in 1930, but after 27 years, reinvented the work to take advantage of a full orchestral palette. The Orchestral Variations offer a new perspective on the work, focusing instead on the contrasts of its multifarious moods and colors.

The Orchestral Variations are scored for the following instrumentation.

Reception

Copland regarded pianist Walter Gieseking very highly for his refined tone and subtle coloration, especially in the performance of Debussy, and insisted that no one else could give a satisfactory premiere of his masterpiece. Unfortunately, Gieseking (who had performed in the premiere of the piano trio Vitebsk in New York in 1929) turned down Copland's request for a premiere due to the piece's "crude dissonances" and "severity of style" (Pollack 1999, 151, 561). Copland thus premiered the piece himself at a League of Composers Concert in New York on January 4, 1931.

The Piano Variations were praised in some esoteric circles, but the public was generally courteous but lukewarm in its reception. The work was variously described as new, strange, dissonant, stark, bare, and disconcerting. Critic Paul Rosenfeld contemplated its "flinty, metallic sonorities." American composer Marc Blitzstein called it "Lithic." The cold, hard tone of Copland's playing at the premiere, far from that of a concert pianist, lent a sharper edge to an already austere work. Leonard Bernstein later reported that he adored the piece, which was "hard as nails," and also used it at parties to "empty the room, guaranteed, in two minutes." It was to him a "synonym for modern music—so prophetic, harsh and wonderful, and so full of modern feeling and thinking" (Greenfield, March, and Layton 1996, 103).

Despite the wide spectrum of opinion, the Piano Variations were immediately recognized for their originality and made a lasting impression. The New York Herald Tribune reported that, in the piece, Copland "sardonically thumbed his nose at all those esthetic attributes which have hitherto been considered essential to the creation of music" (Sales and Steinberg 2001, 47). The work is now regarded as one of the most significant in contemporary piano literature.

Dancer-choreographer Martha Graham requested permission to choreograph a solo piece on the Piano Variations. With Copland's consent, she produced Dithyrambic, an evocation of Dionysus that was received with the highest enthusiasm (Pollack 1999, 154). Copland admitted to being "utterly astonished that anyone could consider this kind of music suitable for dance ... although her choreography was considered as complex and abstruse as my music" (Soares 1992, 104).

The Variations

Overview

Unlike a traditional theme and variations, Copland's Piano Variations are not episodic (Rapp 1949, 81). They are continuously played through, in an undisrupted development of the seven-note "row" in the theme from which Copland builds the rest of the piece, "in what I hope is a consistently logical way" (Copland 2004, 354). All of the content can be traced back to this or transpositions of this seven-note motif, suggesting the serialist techniques of Schoenberg. The concision, rigor, and lack of ornamentation have been compared to that of the style of Anton Webern (Oja 2000, 246). The dissonances (ubiquitous minor seconds, major sevenths and ninths) are precisely chosen for their degree of "shock value". While working on the Piano Variations, Copland cultivated a tautness and clarity of form and texture that became a precursor to the style of his other works.

Copland also experimented with the potential of the physical instrument, as he did with microtones on the stringed instruments in Vitebsk. In the Piano Variations, some notes are held down silently while pitches selected from their overtone series are struck, which produces an effect of ringing resonances without hammering the tones directly.

Another prominent characteristic is the piece's rhythmic irregularity. The meters change constantly within an essentially 4/4 framework.

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gollark: And sometimes cities and such are legally blocked somehow from running their own ISPs.
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gollark: Okay.

References
  • Anon. 1984. "Gerald Sykes, 80, Dies; Was Author and Critic". New York Times (July 16) (accessed April 3, 2017).
  • Butterworth, Neil. The Music of Aaron Copland. London: Toccata Press; New York: Universe Books, 1985. ISBN 0-87663-495-1.
  • Copland, Aaron. A Reader: Selected Writings 1923–1972, new edition. Edited, with an introduction, by Richard Kostelanetz. Asst. editor Steve Silverstein. New York: Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0-415-93940-2.
  • Greenfield, Edward, Ivan March, Robert Layton. 1996. The Penguin Guide to Compact Discs Yearbook, 1995/6. Penguin Handbooks. London and New York: Penguin Books.
  • Johnson, Lawrence. 2005. "Copland Piano Fantasy; Piano Sonata; Piano Variations: Fiery Performances in a Bargain Set of Three Notable Copland Works". Gramophone (August).
  • Oja, Carol J. 2000. Making Music Modern: New York in the 1920s. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516257-8.
  • Perlis, Vivien. 2002. "Aaron Copland and John Kirkpatrick: 'Dear John, Can You Help Me Out?'". In Copland Connotations: Studies and Interviews, edited by Peter Dickinson, foreword by H. Wiley Hitchcock, 57–65. Woodbridge, Suffolk, and Rochester, NY: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-902-8.
  • Pollack, Howard. Aaron Copland: The Life and Work of an Uncommon Man. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1999. ISBN 0805049096 (cloth); Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06900-5 (pbk).
  • Rapp, Patricia Ann. 1949. "Contemporary American Piano Music". MA thesis. Madison: University of Wisconsin–Madison.
  • Sales, Grover, and Michael Steinberg. 2001. "Finding an American Sound: Two Contemporaries: Duke Ellington, Aaron Copland". In American Mavericks: Musical Visionaries, Pioneers, Iconoclasts, edited by Susan Key and Larry Rothe 36–49. San Francisco: San Francisco Symphony; Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520233058; ISBN 9780520233041.
  • Soares, Janet Mansfield. 1992. Louis Horst: Musician in a Dancer's World. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822312260.

Further reading
  • Berger, Arthur. Aaron Copland. Oxford University Press, 1953. ISBN 0-306-76266-8.
  • Copland, Aaron, and Vivian Perlis. Copland 1900 Through 1942. St. Martin's/Marek, 1984. ISBN 0-312-16962-0.
  • Saun, Rinna M. 2003. "The Piano Variations of Aaron Copland: An Analysis and Study for the Performer". DMA diss. Denton: University of North Texas.
  • Simms, Bryan R. 2007. "Serialism in the Early Music of Aaron Copland". The Musical Quarterly 90, no. 2 (Summer): 176–96.
  • Smith, Julia. Aaron Copland: His Work and Contribution to American Music. New York: E. P. Dutton & Company, 1955.
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