Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)

Sergei Rachmaninoff composed his Piano Concerto No. 1 in F♯ minor, Op. 1, in 1891, at age 18. He dedicated the work to Alexander Siloti. He revised the work thoroughly in 1917.

Structure

The work is in three movements:

  • Vivace (F♯ minor)
    This contrast with the later works can be heard from the opening bars, where a brass fanfare precedes a flourish of double octaves and chords on the piano – a musical gesture similar to the Schumann and Grieg piano concertos. This flourish occurs later in the movement, as well, an important factor in the symmetry of the movement. The main theme (like the other themes in this work common to both versions) is short by Rachmaninoff's standards but already shows the sequential devices and arch-like design inherent in his later works.[1]
  • Andante cantabile (D major)
    This reflective nocturne is only 74 bars long. The texture is less cumbersome in the revised version; the harmonies remain the same but are enlivened by occasional chromatic notes.[2]
  • Allegro scherzando (F♯ minor → F♯ major) [1917 version: allegro vivace]
    Rachmaninoff replaced an initially drab opening with a fortissimo passage alternating between time signatures of 9
    8     and 12
    8    . This movement is in sonata-rondo form, in which the development is a lengthy section in E-flat major. A maestoso reemergence of the concerto's main theme was eliminated. In the original version he had attempted to use this theme in an upward sequential treatment similar to what he would do later in the Second and Third Concertos. The problem here was that the theme did not lend itself so easily to this treatment, thus sounding contrived. It also came too late in the movement to have the right expansive effort prevalent in the other concertos.[2]

Overview
Rachmaninoff (right) with Alexander Siloti.

First version

This was actually Rachmaninoff's second attempt at a piano concerto. In 1889 he had begun but abandoned a concerto in C minor (the same key, incidentally, in which he would later write his Second Piano Concerto). He wrote Natalya Skalon on 26 March 1891, "I am now composing a piano concerto. Two movements are already written; the last movement is not written, but is composed; I shall probably finish the whole concerto by the summer, and then in the summer orchestrate it"[3] He finished composing and scoring the piece on July 6 and was satisfied with what he had written.[4] The first movement was premiered on 17 March 1892 at the Moscow Conservatoire, with the composer as soloist and Vasily Safonov conducting. This may have been the only time the composer played the concerto in its original form, although Siloti, to whom it is dedicated, programmed it to play himself on several occasions.[5]

Composition students were usually advised to base their efforts on a specific model for their first exercises in new forms. In Rachmaninoff's case this was the Grieg Piano Concerto,[6] which was a favorite work of his and one which he had been familiar from Siloti practicing it at the Rachmaninoff household during the spring and summer of 1890 for future concerts.[7] Rachmaninoff adapted the entire musical structure of the outer movements to the Grieg concerto, literally building his music into it. With all his other concertos, Rachmaninoff would prove more enterprising.[8]

Revision and current structure

The public was already familiar with the Second and Third Concertos before Rachmaninoff revised the First in 1917. The First is very different from his later works; in exchange for less memorable melodies, this concerto incorporates elements of youthful vivacity and impetuosity.

The differences between the 1890–1891 original and the 1917 revision reveal a tremendous amount about the composer's development in the intervening years. There is a considerable thinning of texture in the orchestral and piano parts and much material that made the original version diffuse and episodic is removed.[9]

Of all the revisions Rachmaninoff made to various works, this one was perhaps the most successful. Using an acquired knowledge of harmony, orchestration, piano technique and musical form, he transformed an early, immature composition into a concise, spirited work.[2] Nevertheless, he was perturbed that the revised work did not become popular with the public. He said to Albert Swan, "I have rewritten my First Concerto; it is really good now. All the youthful freshness is there, and yet it plays itself so much more easily. And nobody pays any attention. When I tell them in America that I will play the First Concerto, they do not protest, but I can see by their faces that they would prefer the Second or Third."[10]

Selected recordings

Manuscript version

1917 version

Notes
  1. Norris, Rachmaninoff, 107.
  2. Norris, Rachmaninoff, 111.
  3. Norris, 9–10.
  4. Bertensson and Leyva, 36–37.
  5. Harrison, 37.
  6. Niels, 4.
  7. Harrison, 36–37.
  8. Niels, 4–5.
  9. Norris, Rachmaninoff, 106–107.
  10. Swan, A.K. and J., "Rachmaninoff: Personal Reminiscences," The Musical quarterly, Vol. 30 (1944), 8.
gollark: No, you're right, it's not anything but anything-except-1.
gollark: ... yes, I forgot that.
gollark: Which I think gives you 2/15.
gollark: It would be quite annoying on larger things, but if you had, say, a 3-sided die, a 4-sided one, and a 5-sided one, and wanted to have 2 of them show a 1, then the possibilities are just 1, 1, anything and anything, 1, 1 (order is 3-sided, 4-sided, 5-sided).So you can work out the probability of each case (1/3 * 1*4 * 1 and 1 * 1/4 * 1/5) and add them.
gollark: Enumerate all the different possibilities where you have X dice showing 3, work out the probability of each, then add them?

References
  • Bertensson, Sergei and Jay Leyda, with the assistance of Sophia Satin, Sergei Rachmaninoff: A Lifetime in Music (Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 1956). Library of Congress Card Catalogue Number 55-10065.
  • Harrison, Max, Rachmaninoff: life, works, recordings (London and New York:Continuum, 2005). ISBN 0-8264-5344-9.
  • Neils, Eiger, notes for ONDINE 977, Sergei Rachmaninoff: Piano Concertos 1 and 4 (Original Versions); Alexander Ghindin, piano, with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Vladimir Ashkenazy.
  • Norris, Geoffrey, ed. Stanley Sadie, The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan, 1980), 20 vols. ISBN 0-333-23111-2.
  • Norris, Geoffrey, Rachmaninoff (New York: Schirmer Books, 1993). ISBN 0-02-870685-4.
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