Phyllonorycter blancardella

Phyllonorycter blancardella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Infraorder:	Heteroneura
Family:	Gracillariidae
Subfamily:	Lithocolletinae
Genus:	Phyllonorycter
Species:	P. blancardella
Binomial name
	Phyllonorycter blancardella; (Fabricius, 1781)
Synonyms
	Tinea blancardella Fabricius, 1781; Lithocolletis concomitella Bankes, 1899;

The spotted tentiform leafminer (Phyllonorycter blancardella) is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from all of Europe, east to Ukraine and central Anatolia. It is also known throughout North America including Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Wisconsin and California.[1]

The wingspan is 6–9 mm. Adults emerge in May and again in August in two generations in western Europe.

The larvae feed on Malus angustifolia, Malus x astracanica, Malus baccata, Malus coronaria, Malus domestica, Malus floribunda, Malus fusca, Malus ringo, Malus x robusta and Malus sylvestris. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a lower surface tentiform mine. The epidermis is yellow-green and has some folds. Pupation takes place within the mine. The pupa is amber or chestnut brown, and is made within a white cocoon.

Control

The spotted tentiform leafminer is a serious pest of various apple species (Malus), along with the apple blotch leafminer moth (Phyllonorycter crataegella) and others. Infestation may result in reduced crop yield. Both species, like many other pests, show an increasing resistance to organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.[2]

Two species of very small wasps, the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis and the braconid Pholetesor ornigis are parasites of both P. blancardella and P. crataegella.[3] Biological control includes reducing the use of broad spectrum insecticides, helping these and other parasitoids to flourish and reduce leaf miner damage. Mulching fallen leaves may also allow fragments to be pulled underground by earthworms.[4]

gollark: [REDACTED]

gollark: Hmm, so probably just parents buying a bunch of fusor stuff for him?

gollark: Basically just makes neutrons.

gollark: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusor

gollark: You technically *can* make a "fusion reactor" with "only" a few thousand $£€ of hardware, but it's not useful.

References

"Spotted Tentiform Leafminer", Integrated Pest Management for Apples (publication 310), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
Mozūraitis, Raimondas; et al. (Feb 2009). "Chemical Communication in the Leaf Mining Moths of the Genus Phyllonorycter". Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Retrieved 10 March 2012.
Bishop, Stephanie D.; et al. (2001). "Hymenopterous parasites associated with Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Nova Scotia and Quebec" (PDF). Phytoprotection. 82 (2): 65–71.
"Natural Enemies of Spotted Tentiform Leafminer on Apple, Part 1". Midwest Biological Control News. University of Wisconsin-Madison. III (7). July 1996. (see also Part 2)

External links

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[1] "Spotted Tentiform Leafminer", Integrated Pest Management for Apples (publication 310), Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs

[2] Mozūraitis, Raimondas; et al. (Feb 2009). "Chemical Communication in the Leaf Mining Moths of the Genus Phyllonorycter". Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Retrieved 10 March 2012.

[3] Bishop, Stephanie D.; et al. (2001). "Hymenopterous parasites associated with Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Nova Scotia and Quebec" (PDF). Phytoprotection. 82 (2): 65–71.

[4] "Natural Enemies of Spotted Tentiform Leafminer on Apple, Part 1". Midwest Biological Control News. University of Wisconsin-Madison. III (7). July 1996. (see also Part 2)