Rock-wallaby

The rock-wallabies are the wallabies of the genus Petrogale.[3]

Rock-wallaby
Rothschild's rock-wallaby
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae
Subfamily: Macropodinae
Genus: Petrogale
Gray, 1837[1]
Type species
Kangurus pencillatus
Gray, 1827[2]
Species

17, see text

Taxonomy

The genus was established in 1837 by John Edward Gray in a revision of material at the British Museum of Natural History. Gray nominated his earlier description of Kangurus pencillatus as the type species, now recognised in the combination Petrogale penicillata (brush-tail rock-wallaby).[2] The author separated the species from the defunct genus Kangurus, which he proposed to divide in his synopsis of the known macropod species.[1][4]

The following is a list of species, with common names, arranged by alliances of species-groups,[5]

Description

A genus with a high degree of speciation, driven in part by their fidelity to complex habitats that are phylogeographically isolated, Petrogale is the most diverse macropod genus, with workers identifying 17 species and further cryptic taxa in taxonomic revisions to 2014. The species occur in a weight range of 1–12 kilograms, relatively small to medium-sized marsupials.[6]

The medium-sized, often colourful and extremely agile rock-wallabies live where rocky, rugged and steep terrain can provide daytime refuge. Males are slightly larger than females with a body length of up to 59 cm and a 70 cm long tail.

Rock-wallabies are nocturnal and live a fortress-like existence spending their days in steep, rocky, complex terrain in some kind of shelter (cave, overhang or vegetation) and ranging out into surrounding terrain at night to feed. The greatest activity occurs three hours before sunrise and after sunset.

Habitat

Their reliance on refuges leads to the rock-wallabies living in small groups or colonies, with individuals having overlapping home ranges of about 15 hectares each. Within their colonies, they seem to be highly territorial with a male's territory overlapping one or a number of female territories. Even at night, the rock-wallabies do not move further than two kilometres from their home refuges.

Generally, there are three categories of habitat that the different species of rock-wallaby seem to prefer:

  • Loose piles of large boulders containing a maze of subterranean holes and passageways
  • Cliffs with many mid-level ledges and caves
  • Isolated rock stacks, usually sheer sided and often girdled with fallen boulders

Suitable habitat is limited and patchy and has led to varying degrees of isolation of colonies and a genetic differentiation specific to these colonies. The rock wallaby height is ranges from 60 cm to 70 cm.

Species decline

Their total numbers and range have been drastically reduced since European colonisation, with populations becoming extinct in the south.

The ongoing extinction of colonies in recent times is of particular concern. In 1988 at Jenolan Caves in New South Wales, for example, a caged population of 80 rock-wallabies was released to boost what was thought to be an abundant local wild population. By 1992, the total population was down to about seven. The survivors were caught and enclosed in a fox and cat-proof enclosure, and the numbers in this captive population have since begun to increase.

Scientists consider red foxes the major reason for the recent extinctions, along with competing herbivores, especially goats, sheep and rabbits, diseases such as toxoplasmosis and hydatidosis, habitat fragmentation and destruction, and a lower genetic health due to the increasing isolation of colonies.

Recovery and conservation
Allied rock wallabies being fed on Magnetic Island

Habitat conservation and pest management addressing red foxes and goats appear to be the most urgent recovery actions to save the various species.

The national recovery team with support from non-government organisations such as the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife has implemented various programs ranging from land acquisition to captive breeding and awareness raising projects.

Monitoring programs are implemented to register any changes in population sizes. Surveys and analysis establish the genetic diversity of populations. Red fox and goat eradication aid the survival of local populations, and captive breeding programs are used as an 'insurance policy' to build up rock-wallaby numbers to boost wild populations.

In the case of the yellow-footed rock-wallaby, these strategies have prevented the extinction of the species in New South Wales.

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References
  1. Gray, J.E. (1837). "Description of some new or little known Mammalia, principally in the British Museum Collection". Magazine of natural history and journal of zoology, botany, mineralogy, geology and meteorology. ns 1: 577-587 [583].
  2. Gray, J.E. (1827). "Synopsis of the species of mammalia". In Griffith, E.; Pidgeon, E.; Smith, C.H. (eds.). The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation by the Baron Cuvier, member of the Institute of France etc. with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed. 5. pp. 185–206 [204].
  3. Eldridge, MDB & Close, RL (1992). "Taxonomy of Rock Wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) .1. A Revision of the Eastern Petrogale With the Description of 3 New Species". Australian Journal of Zoology. 40 (6): 605–625. doi:10.1071/ZO9920605.
  4. "Genus Petrogale Gray, 1837". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Government. January 2015.
  5. Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 43–70. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  6. Potter, Sally; Close, Robert L.; Taggart, David A.; Cooper, Steven J. B.; Eldridge, Mark D. B. (2014). "Taxonomy of rock-wallabies, Petrogale (Marsupialia: Macropodidae). IV. Multifaceted study of the brachyotis group identifies additional taxa". Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 (5): 401. doi:10.1071/ZO13095.
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