Silaum silaus

Silaum silaus, commonly known as pepper-saxifrage,[4] is a perennial plant in the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) (the carrot family) found across south-eastern, Central and Western Europe, including the British Isles. It grows in damp grasslands on neutral soils.

Silaum silaus

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Apiales
Family:
Apiaceae
Genus:
Silaum
Species:
S. silaus
Binomial name
Silaum silaus
Synonyms [2][3]

Taxonomy

Silaum silaus was one of the many species described by Carl Linnaeus in Volume I of the 1753 edition of his Species Plantarum as Peucedanum silaus.[5] It was given its current binomial name in 1915 by Swiss botanists Hans Schinz and Albert Thellung in 1915.

With regards to the etymology, of the binomial, the etymology of Silaum is uncertain, though it may refer to the mountainous plateau La Sila in southern Italy.[6] Another possible explanation is that Silaum may be derived from the yellow ochre - related to the colour of the plant's flowers.[3] Silaus is an old generic name[6] used by Pliny.[3]

Silaum silaus bears the common name pepper-saxifrage (with or without hyphenation) – despite being neither a saxifrage nor peppery in taste.[7]

Description

Silaum silaus is an erect, glabrous umbellifer[8] with woody, stout and cylindrical tap roots, which are hot and aromatic.[3] S. silaus has dark grey or black petioles at the top; petiole remains are found at the bottom of the stem, which is solid[9] and striate.[3] Its umbels are 2–6 cm in diameter, are terminal or axillary, and compound, with 4 to 15 angled rays of 1–3 cm; the peduncle is larger than the rays, and both are papillose. The flowers are mostly hermaphroditic.[3]

Silaum silaus has 2–4-pinnate leaves, which have a triangular[9] and lanceolate outline, a long petiole and the primary divisions are long-stalked.[3] Segments are 10–15 mm long, shaped from lanceolate to linear, the ends are acuminate or obtuse and mucronate, the leaves are finely serrulate, with a prominent midrib; the apex is often reddish in colour.[3][9] There are 1-pinnate upper cauline leaves present, which are either simple or reduced to a sheath; there is no petiole and the cotyledons are tapered at the base.[3] There are 0–3 bracts and 5–11 bracteoles; the pedicels are linear-lanceolate with scarious margins.[3]

The flowers are yellowish and 1.5 mm across,[9] with absent sepals, and the styles form a stylopodium.[3] The fruits are 4–5 mm in size, oblong-ovoid, and are rarely compressed.[3] The commissure is broad, the mericarps are prominent with slender ridges and lateral forming narrow wings; a carpophore is present.[3] There are numerous vittae, with stout pedicels of 2–3 mm in size, and the stigmas are capitate.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Silaum silaus is found in western, central and south-eastern Europe[10] (including Great Britain),[3] north to the Netherlands and Sweden but is absent from Portugal.[3] In Great Britain, it is found mainly south of the far south of Scotland.[11] The species is listed as an invasive species in Denmark.[12]

Silaum silaus grows in a wide variety of habitats, generally preferring those with damper soils.[8] Specifically, S. silaus can be found in unimproved neutral grassland, railway and road verges[9] and meadows (hay,[8] water[13] and lowland meadows[14]); it is also occasionally found on chalk downs and vegetated shingle.[13]

Ecology
Egg of the butterfly Papilio machaon on a Silaum silaus host plant

Silaum silaus is an indicator of agriculturally unimproved meadows,[8] and is part of a group (in the United Kingdom) of flowering plants specially associated with neutral grassland associated with low-nutrient regimes.[14] This group is declining in the UK due to agricultural improvement, diffuse pollution and habitat fragmentation[8] and hence S. silaus is on the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan.[14] At least three species of moth larvae in the UK use the plant as a food source – Sitochroa palealis, Agonopterix ciliella and Agonopterix yeatiana.[15]

Silaum silaus fruit has been identified from substage III of the Hoxnian interglacial period (a stage in the middle Pleistocene) in the British Isles.[16]

Uses

Silaum silaus is listed in John Parkinson's 1640 work Theatrum Botanicum as being able to soothe "frets" in infants.[17]

gollark: Macron is meant to have the maximum attainable performance in all situations.
gollark: Too bad, I AM writing.
gollark: GTech™ hashmaps just precompute everything such that they can operate as vectors.
gollark: ?choose "eat drunk" "get garbage and watch neither "
gollark: ?choose "eat drunk", " get garbage and watch neither "

References
  1. "Species Status, The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain" (PDF). Joint Nature Conservation Committee. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
  2. "Silaum silaus (L.) Schinz & Thell". The Plant List. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  3. Burton, J. M. (2002). "Silaum silaus (L) Schinz & Thell. Pepper Saxifrage". Online Guide To Umbelliferae Of The British Isles. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  4. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-01-25. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  5. Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Tomus I". Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius. p. 246. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013.
  6. Gledhill, D. (2008). The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–. ISBN 9780521866453. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  7. "Silaum silaus – Pepper Saxifrage". Emorsgate Seeds. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  8. "Pepper Saxifrage". The Wildlife Trusts. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  9. "Pepper-saxifrage - Silaum silaus". NatureSpot. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  10. Fröberg, Lars (7 August 2008). "Silaum". Flora Nordica. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  11. "Hectad map of Silaum silaus (Pepper-saxifrage) in GB and Ireland". Botanical Society of the British Isles. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  12. "Silaum silaus". Invasive Species Compendium. 26 May 2011. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  13. "Silaum silaus (Pepper-saxifrage)". Online Atlas of the British & Irish Flora. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  14. BRIG (ed. Ant Maddock) (2008). "Lowland Meadows". UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitat Descriptions. UK BAP. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  15. "Moths larvae that feed on Pepper-saxifrage Silaum silaus". Northumberland Moths. Archived from the original on 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  16. Godwin, Sir Harry (1956). The History of the British Flora: A Factual Basis for Phytogeography. CUP Archive. pp. 227–. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
  17. Hatfield, Gabrielle (2004). Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions. ABC-CLIO. pp. 81–. ISBN 9781576078747. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
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