Eriosomatinae

Woolly aphids (subfamily: Eriosomatinae) are sucking insects that live on plant sap and produce a filamentous waxy white covering which resembles cotton or wool. The adults are winged and move to new locations where they lay egg masses. The nymphs often form large cottony masses on twigs, for protection from predators.

Woolly aphids
Woolly aphid on jasmine leaf
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Family: Aphididae
Subfamily: Eriosomatinae
Tribes[1]
  • Eriosomatini
  • Fordini
  • Pemphigini
Woolly aphids on Crab Apple bark.
Pemphigus gall on cottonwood tree

Woolly aphids occur throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Many of the numerous species of woolly aphids have only one host plant species, or alternating generations on two specific hosts. They have been known to cause botanical damage and are often considered a pest. While most damage is minor, they can spread plant diseases and fungi. Some species can produce galls as well.

In flight they have been described as looking like "flying mice." Other nicknames include "angel flies", "fluff bugs", "fairy flies", "ash bugs", "snow bugs", "fluffer fairies", "poodle flies", and "fluffy gnats".

Diet

Woolly aphids feed by inserting their needle-like mouthparts into plant tissue to withdraw sap. They are able to feed on leaves, buds, bark, and even the roots of the plant. As a result of feeding on the sap, woolly aphids produce a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to sooty mold on the plant.

Botanical damage

Woolly aphids generally are not much cause for alarm, although they can cause rather unsightly damage to plants, which is particularly a problem for growers of ornamental plants. Symptoms caused by their feeding on a plant include twisted and curled leaves, yellowed foliage, poor plant growth, low plant vigor, and branch dieback.

The woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum is a widespread pest of fruit trees, feeding principally on apple, but also, pears, hawthorn, ash, alders, elms and oaks. Gall making species include Melaphis rhois and Pemphigus spp.

Further minor damage can be caused by the honeydew that woolly aphids secrete, which is difficult to remove. While the honeydew itself doesn't cause too much of a problem, the honeydew can cause sooty mold to grow, which can block some of the sunlight needed for photosynthesis.

Woolly aphids and other sucking insects are often vectors of transmission for powdery mildew (a white fungus which grows on above ground parts of some plants), and other infectious diseases. Typically wooly aphids in subtemperate climates precede and are an indicator of various plant infections, including powdery mildew. Aphids penetrate plant surfaces where they often reside and provide a host of potential inoculants through physical, digestive or fecal secretions. Aphids are often an indicator of other potential plant problems.

Taxonomy

The subfamily Eriosomatinae has recently been placed within the family Aphididae.[2][3] It was previously placed in family Pemphigidae = Eriosomatidae,[4] but that taxon is no longer valid.[5]

Tribes and genera

Tribe: Eriosomatini

Aphidounguis - Byrsocryptoides - Colopha - Colophina - Eriosoma - Gharesia - Hemipodaphis - Kaltenbachiella - Paracolopha - Schizoneurata - Schizoneurella - Siciunguis - Tetraneura - Zelkovaphis

Tribe: Fordini

Aloephagus - Aploneura - Asiphonella - Baizongia - Chaetogeoica - Dimelaphis - Forda - Geoica - Geopemphigus - Kaburagia - Melaphis - Nurudea - Paracletus - Rectinasus - Schlechtendalia - Slavum - Smynthurodes - Tramaforda

Tribe: Pemphigini

Ceratopemphigiella - Ceratopemphigus - Clydesmithia - Cornaphis - Diprociphilus - Epipemphigus - Formosaphis - Gootiella - Grylloprociphilus - Mimeuria - Mordwilkoja - Neopemphigus - Neoprociphilus - Pachypappa - Pachypappella - Patchiella - Pemphigus - Prociphilus - Thecabius - Tiliphagus - Uichancoella

gollark: In C#.
gollark: If you want more, YOU are to write it.
gollark: As you can see, centre-justification follows from the combination of left- and right-justification.
gollark: Left-justification:> Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in critique of social hierarchy.[1][2][3][4] Left-wing politics typically involves a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished.[1] According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, left-wing supporters "claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated."[5] No language (except esoteric apioforms) *truly* lacks generics. Typically, they have generics, but limited to a few "blessed" built-in data types; in C, arrays and pointers; in Go, maps, slices and channels. This of course creates vast inequality between the built-in types and the compiler writers and the average programmers with their user-defined data types, which cannot be generic. Typically, users of the language are forced to either manually monomorphise, or use type-unsafe approaches such as `void*`. Both merely perpetuate an unjust system which must be abolished.
gollark: Anyway, center-justify... centrism is about being precisely in the middle of the left and right options. I will imminently left-justify it, so centre-justification WILL follow.

See also

References
  1. Aphid Species File Version 5.0 (2014). "Eriosomatinae". Retrieved September 17, 2014.
  2. Favret et al. (2008) Transactions of the American Entomological Society 134 (3 & 4):275-282
  3. Colin Favret & David C. Eades (2011). "Taxa display: family Aphididae Latreille". aphid.speciesfile.org. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
  4. E.L. Maw, Checklist of the hemiptera of Canada and Alaska (2000).
  5. Colin Favret & David C. Eades (2011). "Aphid Species File homepage". aphid.speciesfile.org. Retrieved October 19, 2011.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.