Parmehutu

Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement
Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement; Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu
Abbreviation	Parmehutu
Founder	Grégoire Kayibanda
Founded	June 1957
Dissolved	July 1973
Succeeded by	National Revolutionary Movement for Development (1975)
Headquarters	Kigali, Rwanda
Ideology	Hutu Power[1]
Political position	Far-right
	Politics of Rwanda; Political parties; Elections;

The Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (French: Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu, Parmehutu), also known as the Republican Democratic Movement – Parmehutu (Mouvement démocratique republicain – Parmehutu, MDR-Parmehutu), was a far-right political party in Rwanda. The movement emphasised the right of the majority ethnicity to rule and asserted the supremacy of Hutus over Tutsis. It was the most important party of the "Hutu Revolution" of 1959–61 that led to Rwanda becoming an independent republic and Hutus superseding Tutsis as the ruling group.[1]

History

The party was founded by Grégoire Kayibanda in June 1957 as the Hutu Social Movement, a party of Hutu nationalists who fought for the emancipation of the oppressed Hutu majority. It was renamed on 25 September 1959, and dominated the local elections in 1960, winning 2,390 of 3,125 elected communal council seats and 160 of 229 burgomasters.[2]

In 1961, parliamentary elections were held alongside a referendum on the Tutsi monarchy of Mwami Kigeri V. MDR-Parmehutu won 35 of the 44 seats in the Legislative Assembly, whilst the referendum saw the end of the monarchy. Kayibanda appointed a government of Hutus, and became president after independence in July 1962. By 1965, it was the only legal party in the country, and the 1965 elections saw Kayibanda run unopposed for the presidency and the party win all 47 National Assembly seats.

Under the Parmehutu rule Tutsis were severely discriminated against, persecuted and repeatedly massacred,[3] leading to hundreds of thousands of Tutsi fleeing the country. The 1963 Tutsi massacres were described by Bertrand Russell as the worst since the Holocaust; in 1967 another 20,000 Tutsi were killed.[4]

In the July 1973 coup, Kayibanda was ousted by his cousin Major-General Juvénal Habyarimana who, like other leaders from Rwanda's north (abakonde), felt marginalised by the Southern-dominated Parmehutu regime.[5] The Parmehutu party was suspended and was officially banned two years later when Rwanda became a one-party state under Habyarimana's new National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), which was dominated by Hutu from the northern and northwestern parts of the country.[1]

Electoral history

Presidential Elections

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Result
1965	Grégoire Kayibanda	1,236,654	100%	Elected Y
1969	Grégoire Kayibanda	1,426,159	100%	Elected Y

Chamber of Deputies elections

Election	Party leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Government
1961	Grégoire Kayibanda	974,329	77.6%	35 / 44	35	1st	Supermajority government
1965		1,231,788	100%	47 / 47	12	1st	Sole legal party
1969		1,426,701	100%	47 / 47		1st	Sole legal party

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References

Niesen, Peter (2013). Political party bans in Rwanda 1994–2003: three narratives of justification. Ethnic Party Bans in Africa. Routledge. p. 113.
Somerville, Keith (2012). Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred: Historical Development and Definitions. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 164.
Mckinney, Stephanie L. (2012). Narrating genocide on the streets of Kigali. The Heritage of War. Routledge. p. 160–161.
Aspegren, Lennart (2006). Never again?: Rwanda and the World. Human Rights Law: From Dissemination to Application — Essays in Honour of Göran Melander. The Raoul Wallenberg Institute human rights library. 26. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 172–173. ISBN 9004151818.
Somerville, p.167