Pacific barracuda

Sphyraena argentea (also known as Pacific barracuda, California barracuda and silver barracuda) is a predatory fish found in the northeast Pacific Ocean. They range from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California to Washington. However, they are not common north of Point Conception in Santa Barbara County, California. They can reach a length of about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) and a weight of about 6.8 kilograms (15 lb). California barracuda are very popular sport fish in Southern California.

Pacific barracuda

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Scombriformes
Family: Sphyraenidae
Genus: Sphyraena
Species:
S. argentea
Binomial name
Sphyraena argentea
Girard, 1854

S. argentea is a thin barracuda of the family Sphyraenidae of the order Perciformes (perch-likes).

Body type and physical description

The Pacific barracuda has an elongated cylinder shape body. They are slender and have a long pointy snout. They are of brownish-bluish color on their front sides. They are distinct from other Barracudas due to their silvery shiny backsides, small scales, and the lack of bars or spots on their body. Known for their large mouths full of sharp teeth and fang-like structures, the Pacific Barracuda are predatory fish with aggressive characteristics.[2] Their protruding outer jaw aid the Barracuda in its carnivorous feeding habits. The average weight of the Pacific Barracuda is about 5–8 kg. Their length is about 1-1.1 m, rarely exceeding 1.2 m. Pacific Barracuda have a distinct feature of a forked tailed fin and widely separated dorsal fins.[3]

Habitat

The Pacific barracuda is found in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. It is usually considered a pelagic species. Although they could be found as north as Alaska, they are predominant along the coast of California down to Panama. During the winter, the Barracuda migrate south from the California coast to the Mexican coast but do not usually move past that distance.[4] Their most prevalent habitat is the Baja Coast of California. The Pacific Barracuda's natural habitat is in open ocean waters. The species is usually near the shores or coastal areas in adult life, however, when young, Pacific barracuda are found in bays in shallow waters. However, some Pacific Barracuda have been recorded to be found in deep waters, about 37 m. The Barracuda are known to form schools and move across the ocean in these schools of fish.[2] However, in some larger species, it has been noted that they can be found swimming solitarily.

Feeding and behavior

The Pacific barracuda are a predatory fish, exhibiting aggressive behavior in order to feed on other small fishes. Their diet primarily consists of small fish such as anchovies, small pacific mackerels, grunions, squid, groupers, grunts, and even young barracuda.[5] Their tight schools allow them to herd their prey in shallow waters circled by Barracuda, thus feeding a greater amount of fish.[5] The Barracuda uses its sharp eyesight to find prey, following light or sudden movements in the water that may direct the fish to prey. Their jaw and teeth structure allow them to be fierce predators to their prey. Their jaws also allow them to pump water across their gills.[6] Although considered aggressive predators to smaller fish, the Pacific Barracuda are typically harmless to the rest of the surrounding ocean, unlike the Great Barracuda. Their behavior only appears to be violent, however, the Pacific Barracuda will swim away when approached and return to their schools.[7]

Maturity and reproduction

Most Pacific barracuda are mature by 2 years old.[8] Females at that age may produce approximately 50,000 eggs while older female Pacific Barracuda can produce from 200,000 to 400,000 eggs.[5] The Barracuda, like most other fish, exhibit external fertilization and lay their eggs in intervals. The parents are not known to care for their young. They are pelagic spawners. In addition, the Pacific Barracuda are open water egg scatterers, meaning they do not guard their eggs and leave eggs after spawning in a water column in the open water.[9] Until this date, Pacific Barracuda are known to live to about 12 years. A documented distinction between males and females of this species is that females have a charcoal or black edge on their pelvic fins while the males will have a yellow or olive-colored edge on the corresponding fins.[10]

Conservation

Pacific barracuda are considered a huge sporting fish in California. In the early 1900s, the purse seine fishery heavily targeted the Pacific Barracuda.[11] Their population continually decreased until the 1940s when the state of California put size and technique restrictions on the commercial and recreational fishing of the Pacific Barracuda.[12] These restrictions caused commercial fisheries to start using gill nets instead of purse seines. Furthermore, Barracuda are not a common seafood item. Since these restrictions were put, the population size has increased to near record levels.[13] Nowadays, although fishing the species is still popular, the population size is overall stable. The stability of their population size is also somewhat attributed to their substantial egg production. They are not on the IUCN Red List of threatened or vulnerable species. The restrictions continue to protect the species. However, due to their migration, some of their range of population may be threatened.[14] Predators of the Pacific Barracuda include eagles and terns. Despite falling out favor for being a food fish, the Pacific Barracuda is the only barracuda allowed to be marketed in the US since its relatives the Great Barracuda and the Caribbean Barracuda have been associated greatly with ciguatera poisoning. For that reason, if bled once caught, the Pacific Barracuda is considered to not pose any health threats to humans who consume the fish.[15] Even though the cases have been rare and are not substantial, there are ways the Pacific Barracuda can cause ciguatera poisoning. This is when the fish feed on reef fish that have fed on algae or smaller fish that in turn have fed on toxin containing micro-alga.[16]

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References
  1. Robertson, R.; Collette, B.; Molina, H.; Guzman-Mora, A.G. & Salas, E. (2010). "Sphyraena argentea". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T178105A7488494. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T178105A7488494.en.
  2. "Pacific Barracudas, Sphyraena argentea". MarineBio Conservation Society. January 14, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  3. "Pacific Barracuda - Sphyraena argentea - Overview". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  4. Robertson, R.; Collette, B.; Molina, H.; Guzman-Mora, A.G.; Salas, E (2010). "Sphyraena argentea". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  5. "California barracuda, Open Waters, Fishes, Sphyraena argentea". The Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  6. "California Barracuda." Aquarium of the Pacific | Online Learning Center | California Barracuda. Accessed February 14, 2018. http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/california_barracuda.
  7. Spira, Jeff. "All About Barracuda." Southern California Ocean Fishing - All About Barracuda. Accessed February 14, 2018. http://www.socaloceanfishing.com/hf_barr.html.
  8. "Pacific Barracudas, Sphyraena argentea ~ MarineBio.org." MarineBio Conservation Society. Web. Accessed Wednesday, February 14, 2018. <http://marinebio.org/species.asp?id=44>. Last update: 1/14/2013 2:22:00 PM ~ Contributor(s): MarineBio"
  9. "Reproduction of Sphyraena argentea." Fish Base. Accessed February 14, 2018. http://www.fishbase.org/Reproduction/FishReproSummary.php?ID=3678&GenusName=Sphyraena&SpeciesName=argentea&fc=360&StockCode=3874
  10. "California Barracuda." Aquarium of the Pacific | Online Learning Center | California Barracuda.
  11. Walford, Lionel Albert. "ILIFE HISTORY OF THE CALIFORNIABARRACUDA ― (6) ―." Online Archive of California. 1932. Accessed February 14, 2018. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt0w100169&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text.
  12. Walford, Lionel Albert. "ILIFE HISTORY OF THE CALIFORNIABARRACUDA ― (6) ―." Online Archive of California. 1932. Accessed February 14, 2018. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt0w100169&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text.
  13. "California barracuda." California barracuda, Open Waters, Fishes, Sphyraena argentea at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.
  14. Robertson, R., Collette, B., Molina, H., Guzman-Mora, A.G. & Salas, E. 2010. “Sphyraena argentea”. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178105A7488494. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T178105A7488494.en. Downloaded on 15 February 2018.
  15. "Barracuda." Seafood Source. January 23, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2018. https://www.seafoodsource.com/seafood-handbook/finfish/barracuda.
  16. "Pacific Barracuda - Sphyraena argentea - Overview." Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed February 14, 2018. http://eol.org/pages/209690/overview.
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