PANTHER

In bioinformatics, the PANTHER (protein analysis through evolutionary relationships) classification system is a large curated biological database of gene/protein families and their functionally related subfamilies that can be used to classify and identify the function of gene products.[1] PANTHER is part of the Gene Ontology Reference Genome Project[2] designed to classify proteins and their genes for high-throughput analysis.

PANTHER
Content
DescriptionThe PANTHER database classifies gene products into families
Data types
captured		Gene families
Contact
Research centerUniversity of Southern California
AuthorsPaul D Thomas
Primary citationPMID 12520017
Access
Website
Miscellaneous
Bookmarkable
entities		yes

The project consists of both manual curation and bioinformatics algorithms.[3] Proteins are classified according to family (and subfamily), molecular function, biological process and pathway. It is one of the databases feeding into the European Bioinformatics Institute's InterPro database.[4]—Application of PANTHER—The most important application of PANTHER is to accurately infer the function of uncharacterized genes from any organism based on their evolutionary relationships to genes with known functions.[3] By combining gene function, ontology, pathways and statistical analysis tools, PANTHER enables biologists to analyze large-scale, genome-wide data obtained from the current advance technology including: sequencing, proteomics or gene expression experiments.[5] Shortly, using the data and tools on the PANTHER, users will be able to:[6]

  • Obtain information about a particular gene of interest.
  • Discover protein families and subfamilies, pathways, biological processes, molecular functions and cellular components.
  • Create lists of genes related to a particular protein family/subfamily, molecular function, biological process or pathway.
  • Analyze lists of genes, proteins or transcripts.

PANTHER history
  • 1998:Project was launched at Molecular Application Group.
  • 1999:Acquired by Celera Genomics.
  • 2000:PANTHER 1 released in Celera Discovery Systems (CDS).
  • 2001: PANTHER 2 released, which is used in the annotationon of the first published human genome Celera.
  • 2002: PANTHER 3 released. PANTHER annotations are integrated in FlyBase. Moved to ABI.
  • 2003: PANTHER 4 released with the public release of PANTHER Classification System.
  • 2005: PANTHER 5 released with PANTHER Pathway and analysis tool. Establish collaboration with InterPro.
  • 2006: PANTHER 6 released. Move to SRI.
  • 2010: PANTHER 7 released.
  • 2011: Move to USC.
  • 2012: PANTHER 8 released.
  • 2014: PANTHER 9 released.[6]
  • 2015: PANTHER 10 released.
  • 2016: PANTHER 11 released.[7]

Phylogenetic tree

In panther there is a pythogenetic tree for each of the protein families. The annotation of tree is done based on the following criteria:

  • Each node is annotated by gene attributes including “subfamily membership”, “protein class”, “gene function”. These attributes are heritable.[3] Swiss-Prot protein names are usually used to name subfamilies.[8] Since PANTHER is part of the GO reference genome project,[2][9] the Gene Ontology[10] (GO) terms are used for gene function. PANTHER/X ontology terms are used for protein class.
  • Each internal node is annotated by evolutionary events such as “speciation”, “gene duplication” and “horizontal gene transfer”.[3]

To generate phylogenetic trees, PANTHER uses GIGA algorithm. GIGA uses species tree to develop tree construction. On every iteration it attempts to reconcile tree in event form of speciation and gene duplication.

PANTHER library data generation process

The process for data generation is divided into three steps:

  1. Family Clustering
  2. Pythologentic Tree Building
  3. Annotation of Tree Nodes

Family clustering

Sequence set

PANTHER trees depicts gene family evolution from a broad selection of genomes which are fully sequenced. PANTHER have one sequence per gene so that the tree can represent event occurred over the course of evolution i.e duplication, speciation. PANTHER genomes set are selected based on the following criteria:

  • The set should include a major experimental model organism, this will assist in depicting functional information of the organism which are less studied.
  • The set should include a broad taxonomic range of other genomes, preferably fully sequenced and annotated, this will assist in relating experimental model organism.

Family clusters

Following are the requirements for being family clusters in PANTHER:

  1. The family must contain at least five members among which at least one gene has to be from a GO reference genome.
  2. In order to support phylogenetic inference, the family must contain a high quality sequence alignment.
  3. The assessment of multiple aligned sequence is done by assessing a length of the aligned sequence, at least 30 sites aligned across 75% or more of family members.

Phylogenetic tree building

For each family multiple sequence are aligned using a default setting of MAFFT, any column which is aligned less than 75% of the sequence is removed. This data is then used as an input for GIGA program. The output tree from GIGA are labelled. Each internal node is labelled as whether divergence event happened as speciation or gene duplication.

Annotation of tree nodes

Each node in PANTHER tree is annotated with heritable attribute. Heritable attribute can be of three types subfamily membership, gene function and protein class membership. These annotation of nodes applies to primary sequence which was used to construct tree. In applying these annotation to primary sequence simple evolutionary principle is used i.e. each node annotation is propagated by its decedent node.[3]

PANTHER components

PANTHER/LIB (PANTHER library): Library consists of collection of books. Each of these books represents a protein family. There are a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), a multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and a family tree for each protein family in the library.[1]

PANTHER/X (PANTEHR index): Index contains abbreviated ontology which assist in summarizing, navigating molecular function and biological function. Although PANTHER/X ontology has a hierarchical organization, it is a directed acyclic graph and so when it is biologically justified, child categories appear under more than one parent. PANTHER/X has been mapped to GO and arranged in a different way to facilitate large scale analysis of proteins.[1]

PANTHER Pathways

PANTHER includes 176 pathway using CellDesigner tool. PANTHER pathways can be downloaded in the following file formats.

Recent versions of PANTHER and their statistics and updates

Version 6.0

Version 6 uses UniProt[11] sequences as training sequences. There are 19132 UniProt training sequences directly associated with the pathway components. This version has ~1500 reactions in 130 pathways, and the number of pathways associated with subfamilies were expanded. PANTHER became a member of the InterPro Consortium. The availability of PANTHER data was improved (the HMMs can be downloaded by FTP). The PANTHER/LIB version 6.1 contains 221609 UniProt sequences from 53 organisms, grouped into 5546 families and 24561 subfamilies.[12] (2006)

Version 7.0

In this version the phylogenetic trees represent speciation and gene duplication events. Identification of gene orthologs is possible. There are more support for alternative database identifiers for genes, proteins and microarray probes. PANTHER version 7 uses the SBGN standard to depict biological pathways. It includes 48 set of genomes. To define the new families and in collaboration with the European Bioinformatics Institute’s InterPro group,[4] approximately 1000 families of non-animal genomes were added in this version. The sources of gene sets included model organism databases, Ensembl[13] genome annotation and Entrez Gene.[14] Since this version, a stable identifier to each node in the tree is used. This stable identifier is a nine-digit number with the prefix PTN (stand for PANTHER Tree Node).[3][15] (2009)

Version 8.0 (2012)

The reference proteome[16] set maintained by the UniProt resource is used in this version of PANTHER and so the source of gene sets is UniProt. It includes 82 set of genomes (approximately double compared with version 7) and 991985 protein coding genes from which 642319 genes (64.75%) have been used for family clusters. PANTHER website is redesigned to facilitate common user workflow.[3]

Version 9.0 (2014)

This version contains 7180 protein families, divided into 52,768 functionally distinct protein subfamilies. Version 9.0 has genomes of all 85 organisms.[17][6]

Version 11.1 (2016)

This version contains 78442 subfamilies and 1,064,054 genes annotated.

PANTHER website

The home page of PANTHER website shows several folder tabs for major workflows, including: gene list analysis, browse, sequence search, cSNP scoring, and keyword search. The details about each of these workflow are provided below.

Gene list analysis

This tab is selected by default because this the most frequently used option. You can enter valid IDs in the box or upload a file, then select list type, choose organism of interest and select the type of analysis.

A practical example: Let's try this workflow using an example of a small gene list containing three genes AKT1, AKT2, AKT3. We first type these gene names within the box and separate them by comma (or space). We select "ID list" as list type, "Homo Sapiens" (human) as organism, and " Functional classification viewed in gene list" as the type of operation; then click submit. It gives you the information for all the three genes which are:

  1. Gene IDs from Ensembl and protein IDs from Uniprot: in terms of this example, you must see "ENSG00000142208" and "P31749".
  2. Mapped IDs: these are simply the names of the genes which have been mapped to your query (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3)
  3. Gene names, gene symbols, and the orthologs: the orthologs are clickable and by clicking on them you can see the list of other organisms and their IDs as well as the type of orthologs ("LDO" for least diverged ortholog, "O" for other which are more diverged orthologs, and "P" for paralogs).
  4. PANTHER family and subfamily: This will give you the name of family and subfamily for your genes. There are some links, e.g. a link to the family tree, which is clickable. Finally you will have the genes from different species assigned to that subfamily. In this example you have the PANTHER subfamily "PTHR24352:SF30" for AKT1.
  5. GO molecular function: This tell you what are the functions of your query gene; e.g. AKT1 has protein kinase activity and can selectively and non-covalently interact with calcium ions, calmodulin, and phospholipids.
  6. GO biological process: By looking at this column, you will understand what biological processes the gene involved in; e.g. AKT1 has role in gamete generation, apoptosis, cell cycle, etc.
  7. GO cellular component: It tells you where in the cell you can find your query protein. In our example, the information is not available but if you try another examples (such as the gene p53), you will see some cellular components such as "nucleus", "cytoplasm", "chromosomes", etc.
  8. PANTHER protein class: this gives you the names and IDs of PANTHER protein class for each of the genes; e.g. AKT1 is under PANTHER protein class "non-receptor serine/threonine protein kinase" with class ID "PC00167". You can also see its parent and child lineage.
  9. Pathways: A list of clickable names of the pathways in which your query gene exists will be shown; e.g. AKT1 is involved in several pathways such as "Hypoxia response via HIF", "Apoptosis signaling pathway", "PI3 kinase pathway", etc.
  10. Species: This is the name of species you have chosen; in this case we chose "Homo sapiens".

Browse

Using this folder tab and by selecting the ontology you are interested in, you can browse different classification. It is also possible to select more than one ontology; in this case, the results will meet the criteria from all the selections. You are able to see the association between ontology terms and PANTHER families, subfamilies and training sequences.

By putting the protein sequence in the Sequence Search box, PANTHER will search against a library of family and subfamily HMMs, and return the subfamily that best matches the sequence. If you click on the subfamily name, it will give some details, e.g. the genes related to that subfamily and the ability to view the subfamily within larger family tree. By downloading the PANTHER scoring tool from download page, you will be able to score many sequences against PANTHER HMMs.

cSNP scoring

Using this folder tab, you are able to do evolution analysis of coding SNPs. You must enter a protein sequence in the first box and the substitutions relative to this protein sequence in the second box; this substitutions should be entered in the standard amino acid substitution format, e.g. L46P. PANTHER will use an alignment of evolutionarily related proteins, calculate the substitution position-specific evolutionary conservation (subPSEC) and estimate the likelihood of this nonsynonymous coding SNP to lead a functional effect on the protein. This tool uses data from PANTHER version 6.1 for technical reasons. One of the new features of PANTHER is that if you want to analyze a lot of SNPs, you can go to the download page and download the PANTHER Coding Snp Analysis tool.

Entering a search term in the keyword search box, PANTHER will give you the number of records matching your keyword for genes, families, pathways and ontology terms. You can filter them by determining the species of interest or by refining the search using other criteria. To view the details of the gene, you must click on the gene identifier.

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References
  1. Thomas, PD.; Kejariwal, A.; Campbell, MJ.; Mi, H.; Diemer, K.; Guo, N.; Ladunga, I.; Ulitsky-Lazareva, B.; et al. (Jan 2003). "PANTHER: a browsable database of gene products organized by biological function, using curated protein family and subfamily classification". Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (1): 334–41. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg115. PMC 165562. PMID 12520017.
  2. "GO Reference Genome Annotation Project".
  3. Mi, H.; Muruganujan, A.; Thomas, PD. (Jan 2013). "PANTHER in 2013: modeling the evolution of gene function, and other gene attributes, in the context of phylogenetic trees". Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (Database issue): D377–86. doi:10.1093/nar/gks1118. PMC 3531194. PMID 23193289.
  4. Hunter, S.; Jones, P.; Mitchell, A.; Apweiler, R.; Attwood, TK.; Bateman, A.; Bernard, T.; Binns, D.; et al. (Jan 2012). "InterPro in 2011: new developments in the family and domain prediction database". Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (Database issue): D306–12. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr948. PMC 3245097. PMID 22096229.
  5. Mi, H.; Muruganujan, A.; Thomas, PD. (Aug 2013). "Large-scale gene function analysis with the PANTHER classification system". Nucleic Acids Res. 8 (8): 1551–66. doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.092. PMC 6519453. PMID 23868073.
  6. "PANTHERdb".
  7. Mi, H; Huang, X; Muruganujan, A; Tang, H; Mills, C; Kang, D; Thomas, PD (29 November 2016). "PANTHER version 11: expanded annotation data from Gene Ontology and Reactome pathways, and data analysis tool enhancements". Nucleic Acids Research. 45: D183–D189. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1138. PMC 5210595. PMID 27899595.
  8. The UniProt Consortium (Jan 2012). "Reorganizing the protein space at the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt)". Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (D1): D71–D75. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr981. PMC 3245120. PMID 22102590.
  9. Gaudet, P.; Livstone, M.S.; Lewis, S.E.; Thomas, P.D. (Sep 2011). "Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium". Brief Bioinform. 12 (5): 449–62. doi:10.1093/bib/bbr042. PMC 3178059. PMID 21873635.
  10. Gene Ontology Consortium (Jan 2012). "The Gene Ontology: enhancements for 2011". Nucleic Acids Res. 40 (D1): D559–D564. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1028. PMC 3245151. PMID 22102568.
  11. Wu, C.H.; Apweiler, R.; Bairoch, A.; Natale, D.A.; Barker, W.C.; Boeckmann, B.; Ferro, S.; Gasteiger, E.; et al. (Jan 2006). "The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt): an expanding universe of protein information". Nucleic Acids Res. 34 (Database issue): D187–D191. doi:10.1093/nar/gkj161. PMC 1347523. PMID 16381842.
  12. Mi, H.; Guo, N.; Thomas, P.D. (Jan 2007). "PANTHER version 6: protein sequence and function evolution data with expanded representation of biological pathways". Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (Database issue): D247–D252. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl869. PMC 1716723. PMID 17130144.
  13. Flicek, P.; Amode, M.R.; Barrell, D.; Beal, K.; Brent, S.; Chen, Y.; Clapham, P.; Coates, G.; et al. (Jan 2011). "Ensembl". Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (Database issue): D800–D806. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1064. PMC 3013672. PMID 21045057.
  14. Maglott, D.; Ostell, J.; Pruitt, K.D.; Tatusova, T. (Jan 2011). "Entrez Gene: gene-centered information at NCBI". Nucleic Acids Res. 39 (Database issue): D52–D57. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq1237. PMC 3013746. PMID 21115458.
  15. Mi, H.; Dong, Q.; Muruganujan, A.; Gaudet, P.; Lewis, S.; Thomas, P.D. (Jan 2010). "PANTHER version 7: improved phylogenetic trees, orthologs and collaboration with the Gene Ontology Consortium". Nucleic Acids Res. 38 (Database issue): D204–D210. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp1019. PMC 2808919. PMID 20015972.
  16. "reference proteome".
  17. Details in PANTHER 9 statistics can be found here (http://www.pantherdb.org/panther/summaryStats.jsp)
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