Otocephala

The Otocephala is a clade of bony fishes within the Teleostei that evolved some 230 million years ago. It is named for the presence of a hearing (otophysic) link from the swimbladder to the inner ear. Other names proposed for the group include Ostarioclupeomorpha and Otomorpha. The clade contains the Clupeiformes (herrings) and the Ostariophysi, a group of other orders including the Cypriniformes (minnows and allies), Gymnotiformes (knifefish), and Siluriformes (catfish). The Otocephala may also contain the Alepocephaliformes (slickheads), but as yet (2016) without morphological evidence. The clade is sister to the Euteleostei which contains the majority of bony fish alive today.[1][2][3][4] In 2015, Benton and colleagues set a "plausible minimum" date for the origin of the crown Otocephala as about 228.4 million years ago. They argued that since the oldest locality for any diversity of stem teleosts is the Carnian of Polberg bei Lunz, Austria, whose base is 235 million years old, a rough estimate for the Otocephala can be made.[5][6]

Otocephala
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Teleostei
(unranked): Otocephala
Johnson & Patterson, 1996
Subcohorts
Synonyms
  • Ostarioclupeomorpha
  • Otomorpha

Taxonomy

Taxonomy based on:[4][7][8]

  • Cohort Otocephala Johnson & Patterson 1996 [Otomorpha Wiley & Johnson 2010; Ostarioclupeomorpha Arratia 1997]
    • Genus †Kermichthys Taverne 1993
    • Family †Lycoclupeidae Gowda 1968
    • Family †Clupavidae Bertin & Arambourg 1958
    • Subcohort Clupei Wiley & Johnson 2010 [Clupeomorpha Greenwood et al. 1966]
      • Order †Ellimmichthyiformes Grande 1982
      • Order Clupeiformes Bleeker 1859
    • Subcohort Alepocephali
    • Subcohort Ostariophysi Sagemehl 1885
      • Genus †Tischlingerichthys Arratia 1997
      • Family †Ancylostylidae Jordan 1923
      • Family †Erythrinolepididae Cockerell 1919 corrig.
      • Section Anotophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Anotophysi Rosen & Greenwood 1970]
      • Section Otophysa (Rosen & Greenwood 1970) Sagemehl 1885 [Otophysi Rosen & Greenwood 1970]
        • Genus †Nardonoides Mayrinck, Brito & Otero 2014
        • Family †Chanoididae Taverne 2005
        • Family †Salminopsidae Gayet 1985
        • Superorder Cypriniphysae [Cypriniphysi Woodward 1901]
        • Superorder Characiphysae (Fink & Fink 1981)
        • Superorder Siluriphysae [Siluriphysi]

Phylogeny

Phylogeny of living groups based on:[9]

Otocephala
Clupei

Clupeiformes (herrings)

 
 
Alepocephali

Alepocephaliformes (slickheads)

 
Ostariophysi
Anotophysa

Gonorynchiformes (milkfish)

 
Otophysa
Cypriniphysae

Cypriniformes (minnow, carp, loach)

 
 
Characiphysae

Characiformes (tetras and piranhas)

 
Siluriphysae
 

Gymnotiformes (knifefish)

 
 

Siluriformes (catfish)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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References
  1. Thomas J. Near; et al. (2012). "Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification". PNAS. 109 (34): 13698–13703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1206625109. PMC 3427055. PMID 22869754.
  2. Betancur-R, Ricardo; et al. (2013). "The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes". PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 5 (Edition 1). doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288. PMC 3644299. PMID 23653398. Archived from the original on 2013-10-13.
  3. Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
  4. Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World. Wiley. pp. 161–162 and passim. ISBN 978-1-119-22081-7.
  5. "Otocephala". Palaeontologia Electronica. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  6. Benton, M.J.; Donoghue, P.C.J.; Asher, R.A.; Friedman, M.; Near, T.J. & Vinther, J. (2015). "Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history". Palaeontologia Electronica: 18.1.1FC. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  7. Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Euteleostei - advanced teleosteans". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  8. van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Betancur-Rodriguez, R.; et al. (2016). "Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4". Deepfin. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
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