Northeast Coast Campaign (1675)

The Northeast Coast Campaign (1675) happened during the First Abenaki War (the northern theatre of King Philips War) and involved the Wabanaki Confederacy raiding colonial American settlements along the New England Colonies/Acadia border in present-day Maine. They killed eighty colonists and burned many farms, blunting the tide of colonial American expansion.[1][2] Settlers deserted community after community, leaving only the settlements south of the Saco River to maintain an American presence in the region.[3] Historian Georges Cerbelaud Salagnac writes, that Castine and the Abenaki “displayed consummate skill at it, holding in check at every point, from the Penobscot River to Salmon Falls, N.H., and even beyond, 700 regular troops, and even inflicting humiliating defeats upon them.”[4]

Historical context

Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin was sent from Quebec at the outset of the war with the Governors orders to organize all the natives "throughout the whole colony of Acadia to adopt the interests of the king of France.”[5] After Saint-Castin had settled among the Abenakis, King Philip (Pometacom) and his warriors ravaged New England in 1675. Historian Georges Salagnac writes that, “One may reasonably suppose that Saint-Castin began to exercise his talents as a military counsellor on the occasion of this war.”[4] The people of Boston thought Castine was influencing the Wabanaki strategy and supplying them with superior equipment.

Campaign

On September 5, the first Wabanaki raid was on present-day Topsham, where they made threats and destroyed a farm.[6] Shortly after the Adrosconggins, Sacos, and other Wabanaki warriors attacked various settlements along Casco Bay and farther south.[7] On September 12, the Wabanaki warriors attacked a farm in Falmouth, destroying the farm and killing six and taking one captive.[7] On September 18, they raided Saco, burning homes and mills.[7] They attacked Major William Phillips garrison at present-day Biddeford, six Abenaki were killed in the siege and 15 wounded.[8] They also raided present-day Durham, New Hampshire, burning houses killing two settlers and capturing others. Along the Saco river, they killed five further colonists.[1] The colonists abandoned Winter Harbor.[1]

On October 1, they raided present-day Berwick, taking two children captive. Two weeks later, on October 16, Berwick was attacked again by 300 natives, killing two settlers and several militia men.[1][9] Two days later, they attacked again, killing three colonists. They also destroyed seven homes and killed several in present-day Scarborough (formerly Black Point). Finally they attacked Wells, killing three and burning a house.[1]

Afterward

The campaign was followed by another in 1676 and 1677.

References

1. Mandell (2010), p. 81.
2. Scott, Tod (2016). "Mi'kmaw Armed Resistance to British Expansion in Northern New England (1676–1761)". Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society. 19: 1–18.
3. Churchill (1994), p. 258.
4. Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) [1969]. "Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
5. Salagnac, Georges Cerbelaud (1979) [1969]. "Abbadie de Saint-Castin, Jean-Vincent d', Baron de Saint-Castin". In Hayne, David (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. II (1701–1740) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. citing “Mémoire des services rendus par les sieurs de Saint-Castin, père et fils, dans le pays de Canada en la Nouvelle-France,” drawn up in 1720 by Jean-Vincent’s son, Bernard-ANSELME
6. Mandell (2010), p. 78.
7. Mandell (2010), p. 79.
8. Schultz & Tougias (1999), p. 306.
9. Schultz & Tougias (1999), p. 307.

Texts

• Churchill, Edwin A. (1994). "Mid-Seventeenth-Century Maine: A World on the Edge". In Emerson W. Baker; Edwin A. Churchill; Richard S. D'Abate; et al. (eds.). American Beginnings: Exploration, Culture, and Cartography in the Land of Norumbega. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 241–260. ISBN 0-8032-4554-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mandell, Daniel R. (2010). Baltimore, Maryland (ed.). King Philip's War: Colonial Expansion, Native Resistance, and the End of Indian Sovereignty. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9948-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Schultz, Eric B.; Tougias, Michael J. (1999). King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict. Countryman Press. ISBN 978-1-58157-701-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)