Noninvasive glucose monitor

Non-invasive glucose monitoring refers to the measurement of blood glucose levels (required by people with diabetes to prevent both chronic and acute complications from the disease) without drawing blood, puncturing the skin, or causing pain or trauma. The search for a successful technique began about 1975 and has continued to the present without a clinically or commercially viable product.[1] As of 1999, only one such product had been approved for sale by the FDA, based on a technique for electrically pulling glucose through intact skin, and it was withdrawn after a short time owing to poor performance and occasional damage to the skin of users.[2]

Non-invasive glucose monitor
Purposemeasurement of blood glucose levels

Hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested in companies who have sought the solution to this long-standing problem. Approaches that have been tried include near infrared spectroscopy (measuring glucose through the skin using light of slightly longer wavelengths than the visible region),[3] transdermal measurement (attempting to pull glucose through the skin using either chemicals, electricity or ultrasound), measuring the amount that polarized light is rotated by glucose in the front chamber of the eye (containing the aqueous humor), and many others.

A 2012 study reviewed ten technologies: bioimpedance spectroscopy, microwave/RF sensing,[4][5] fluorescence technology, mid-infrared spectroscopy, near infrared spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, optical polarimetry, raman spectroscopy, reverse iontophoresis, and ultrasound technology, concluding with the observation that none of these had produced a commercially available, clinically reliable device and that therefore, much work remained to be done.[6]

As of 2014, disregarding the severe shortcomings mentioned above, at least one noninvasive glucose meter was being marketed in a number of countries.[7][8] Still, as the mean absolute deviation of this device was nearly 30% in clinical trials, 'further research efforts were desired to significantly improve the accuracy [...]'.[9]

References
  1. The Pursuit of Noninvasive Glucose, 5th Edition, by John L. Smith, Ph.D.
  2. Tamada JA, Garg S, Jovanovic L, Pitzer KR, Fermi S, Potts RO (November 1999). "Noninvasive glucose monitoring: comprehensive clinical results. Cygnus Research Team". JAMA. 282 (19): 1839–44. doi:10.1001/jama.282.19.1839. PMID 10573275.
  3. Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy, by M. Ahmad, A. M. Kamboh, and A. Khan, EDN, 2013.
  4. Shao Ying HUANG; Omkar; Yu Yoshida; Xavier Xujie Chia; Wenchuan MU; Adan Garcia; Yusong MENG; Wenwei YU (January 15, 2019). "Microstrip Line - based Glucose Sensor for Non-invasive Continuous Monitoring using Main Field for Sensing and Multi-variable Crosschecking". IEEE Sensors Journal. 19 (2): 535–547. Bibcode:2019ISenJ..19..535H. doi:10.1109/JSEN.2018.2877691. S2CID 56719208.
  5. Omkar; Wenwei YU; Shao Ying HUANG (October 2018). "T−shaped Patterned Microstrip Line for Non-invasive Continuous Glucose Sensing". IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 28 (10): 942–944. doi:10.1109/LMWC.2018.2861565. S2CID 52932653.
  6. Chi-Fuk So; Kup-Sze Choi; Thomas KS Wong; Joanne WY Chung (June 29, 2012). "Recent advances in noninvasive glucose monitoring". Medical Devices: Evidence and Research. 5: 45–52. doi:10.2147/MDER.S28134. PMC 3500977. PMID 23166457.
  7. "GlucoTrack Distributors".
  8. "Cnoga Medical".
  9. Vashist, Sandeep Kumar (2013). "Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems: A Review". Diagnostics. 3 (4): 385–412. doi:10.3390/diagnostics3040385. ISSN 2075-4418. PMC 4665529. PMID 26824930.


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