Nicotiana

Nicotiana (/ˌnɪkoʊʃiˈeɪnə, nɪˌkoʊ-, -kɒti-, -ˈɑːnə, -ˈænə/[2][3][4]) is a genus of herbaceous plants and shrubs in the family Solanaceae, that is indigenous to the Americas, Australia, south west Africa and the South Pacific. Various Nicotiana species, commonly referred to as tobacco plants, are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. N. tabacum is grown worldwide for production of tobacco leaf for cigarettes and other tobacco products.

Cross section of Nicotiana tabacum corolla, showing pistil and stamens

For the agricultural product, see Tobacco.

Nicotiana
Nicotiana tabacum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Solanales
Family:	Solanaceae
Tribe:	Nicotianeae
Genus:	Nicotiana L.
Type species
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Species
See text
Synonyms
Amphipleis Raf. Blenocoes Raf. Dittostigma Phil. Eucapnia Raf. Langsdorfia Raf. Lehmannia Spreng. Perieteris Raf. Polydiclis (G.Don) Miers Sairanthus G.Don Siphaulax Raf. Tabacum Gilib. Tabacus Moench Waddingtonia Phil.[1]

Taxonomy

Species

Main article: List of Nicotiana species

The 67 species include;[5][6]

• Nicotiana acuminata (Graham) Hook. – manyflower tobacco[7]
• Nicotiana africana Merxm.[7]
• Nicotiana alata Link & Otto – winged tobacco, jasmine tobacco, tanbaku (Persian)[7]
• Nicotiana attenuata Torrey ex S. Watson – coyote tobacco[7]
• Nicotiana benthamiana Domin[7]
• Nicotiana clevelandii A. Gray[7]
• Nicotiana glauca Graham – tree tobacco, Brazilian tree tobacco, shrub tobacco, mustard tree[7]
• Nicotiana glutinosa L.
• Nicotiana langsdorffii Weinm.[7]
• Nicotiana longiflora Cav.[7]
• Nicotiana occidentalis H.-M. Wheeler[7]
• Nicotiana obtusifolia M. Martens & Galeotti – desert tobacco, punche, "tabaquillo"[7]>
• Nicotiana otophora Griseb.[7]
• Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv.
• Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh
• Nicotiana rustica L. – Aztec tobacco, mapacho[7]
• Nicotiana suaveolens Lehm. – Australian tobacco[7]
• Nicotiana sylvestris Speg. & Comes – South American tobacco, woodland tobacco[7]
• Nicotiana tabacum L. – commercial tobacco grown for the production of cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, etc.[7]
• Nicotiana tomentosiformis Goodsp.[7]

Manmade hybrids

• Nicotiana × didepta N. debneyi × N. tabacum[8]
• Nicotiana × digluta N. glutinosa × N. tabacum[9]
• Nicotiana × sanderae Hort. ex Wats. N. alata × N. forgetiana[8]

Formerly placed here

• Petunia axillaris (Lam.) Britton et al. (as N. axillaris Lam.)[10]

Etymology

The word nicotiana (as well as nicotine) was named in honor of Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who in 1559 sent it as a medicine to the court of Catherine de' Medici.[11]

Ecology

Female Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm)

Further information: List of tobacco diseases

Despite containing enough nicotine and/or other compounds such as germacrene and anabasine and other piperidine alkaloids (varying between species) to deter most herbivores,[12] a number of such animals have evolved the ability to feed on Nicotiana species without being harmed. Nonetheless, tobacco is unpalatable to many species and therefore some tobacco plants (chiefly tree tobacco, N. glauca) have become established as invasive species in some places.

In the 19th century, young tobacco plantings came under increasing attack from flea beetles (Epitrix cucumeris and/or Epitrix pubescens), causing destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the flea beetle. By 1880, it was discovered that covering young plants with a frame covered with thin fabric (instead of with branches, as had previously been used for frost control) would effectively protect plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the 1890s.

Lepidoptera whose caterpillars feed on Nicotiana include:

• Dark sword-grass or black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon
• Turnip moth, Agrotis segetum
• Mouse moth, Amphipyra tragopoginis
• The nutmeg, Discestra trifolii
• Endoclita excrescens
• Blackburn's sphinx moth, Manduca blackburni
• Tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
• Tomato hornworm, Manduca quinquemaculata
• Cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae
• Angle shades, Phlogophora meticulosa
• Setaceous Hebrew character, Xestia c-nigrum
• Cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni[13]
• Fall armyworm
• Phthorimaea operculella[14]
• Tuta absoluta[14]
• Lineodes integra[14]
• Rhectocraspeda periusalis[14]

These are mainly Noctuidae, but they also comprise Sphingidae, Gelechiidae and Crambidae.

Cultivation

Nicotiana sylvestris

Nicotiana alata

Nicotiana langsdorffii

Nicotiana obtusifolia

Nicotiana × sanderae ornamental cultivar

Several species of Nicotiana, such as N. sylvestris,[15] N. alata 'Lime Green'[16][17] and N. langsdorffii are grown as ornamental plants, often under the name of flowering tobacco.[5][18] They are popular vespertines (evening bloomers), their sweet-smelling flowers opening in the evening to be visited by hawkmoths and other pollinators. In temperate climates they behave as annuals (hardiness 9a-11).[19] The hybrid cultivars Domino Series [20] and 'Lime Green'[17] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[21]

Garden varieties are derived from N. alata (e.g. 'Niki' and 'Saratoga' series) and more recently from Nicotiana x sanderae (e.g. 'Perfume' and 'Domino' series).[18]

The tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) has proven to be a massive pest of many species in the genus, and has resisted many attempts at management.[22]

References

1. "Nicotiana L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-04-13. Archived from the original on 2010-08-20. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
2. "Nicotiana". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
3. "Nicotiana". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
4. Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
5. "Nicotiana". Retrieved May 26, 2020.
6. "Search results — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
7. Knapp et al. (2004) Nomenclatural changes and a new sectional classification in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) Taxon. 53(1):73-82.
8. Bot, Ann (2003). "Molecular Systematics, GISH and the Origin of Hybrid Taxa in Nicotiana (Solanaceae)". Annals of Botany. 92 (1): 107–127. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg087. PMC 4243627. PMID 12824072.
9. Clausen, R.E. (1928) Interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana. VII. The cytology of hybrids of the synthetic species, digluta, with its parents, glutinosa and tabacum. Univ. Cal. Pub. Botany. 11(10):177-211.
10. "GRIN Species Records of Nicotiana". United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-11-30. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
11. Austin, Gregory. "Chronology of Psychoactive Substance Use". Teachers College Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
12. Panter, KE; Keeler, RF; Bunch, TD; Callan, RJ (1990). "Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species". Toxicon. 28 (12): 1377–1385. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-Y. PMID 2089736.
13. United States. Agricultural Research Service (1984), Suppression and Management of Cabbage Looper Populations, U.S. States Dept. of Agriculture, retrieved 25 September 2017
14. Hayden, James E.; Lee, Sangmi; Passoa, Steven C.; Young, James; Landry, Jean-François; Nazari, Vazrick; Mally, Richard; Somma, Louis A.; Ahlmark, Kurt M. (2013). "Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae". Digital Identification of Microlepidoptera on Solanaceae. Fort Collins, Colorado: USDA-APHIS-PPQ Identification Technology Program (ITP). Retrieved 2020-02-14.
15. "RHS advice & tips on garden & indoor plants | Plant finder & selector / RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
16. "'Lime Green' flowering tobacco". Retrieved May 26, 2020.
17. "Nicotiana 'Lime Green'". RHS Gardening. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
18. "The National Garden Bureau". Archived from the original on 2015-04-21. Retrieved 2014-07-23.
19. "PlantFiles: Nicotiana Species, Flowering Tobacco". Dave's Garden. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
20. "Nicotiana Domino Series". RHS Gardening. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
21. "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 69. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
22. "Tobacco budworm - Heliothis virescens (Fabricius)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-09.

Bibliography

• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) (1999): Nicotiana. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
• Panter, K.E.; Keeler, R.F.; Bunch, T.D.; Callan, R.J. (1990). "Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species". Toxicon. 28 (12): 1377–1385. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(90)90154-y. PMID 2089736.
• Ren, Nan; Timko, Michael P (2001). "AFLP analysis of genetic polymorphism and evolutionary relationships among cultivated and wild Nicotiana species". Genome. 44 (4): 559–571. doi:10.1139/gen-44-4-559. PMID 11550889. Archived from the original on 2012-12-05.

External links

• The Plant List