Nichols plot

The Nichols plot is a plot used in signal processing and control design, named after American engineer Nathaniel B. Nichols.[1][2][3]

A Nichols plot.

Use in control design

Given a transfer function,

${\displaystyle G(s)={\frac {Y(s)}{X(s)}}}$

with the closed-loop transfer function defined as,

${\displaystyle M(s)={\frac {G(s)}{1+G(s)}}}$

the Nichols plots displays ${\displaystyle 20\log _{10}(|G(s)|)}$ versus ${\displaystyle \arg(G(s))}$. Loci of constant ${\displaystyle 20\log _{10}(|M(s)|)}$ and ${\displaystyle \arg(M(s))}$ are overlaid to allow the designer to obtain the closed loop transfer function directly from the open loop transfer function. Thus, the frequency ${\displaystyle \omega }$ is the parameter along the curve. This plot may be compared to the Bode plot in which the two inter-related graphs - ${\displaystyle 20\log _{10}(|G(s)|)}$ versus ${\displaystyle \log _{10}(\omega )}$ and ${\displaystyle \arg(G(s))}$ versus ${\displaystyle \log _{10}(\omega )}$) - are plotted.

In feedback control design, the plot is useful for assessing the stability and robustness of a linear system. This application of the Nichols plot is central to the quantitative feedback theory (QFT) of Horowitz and Sidi, which is a well known method for robust control system design.

In most cases, ${\displaystyle \arg(G(s))}$ refers to the phase of the system's response. Although similar to a Nyquist plot, a Nichols plot is plotted in a Cartesian coordinate system while a Nyquist plot is plotted in a Polar coordinate system.

See also

• Hall circles
• Nyquist plot
• Transfer function

References

1. Isaac M. Howowitz, Synthesis of Feedback Systems, Academic Press, 1963, Lib Congress 63-12033 p. 194-198
2. Boris J. Lurie and Paul J. Enright, Classical Feedback Control, Marcel Dekker, 2000, ISBN 0-8247-0370-7 p. 10
3. Allen Stubberud, Ivan Williams, and Joseph DeStefano, Shaums Outline Feedback and Control Systems, McGraw-Hill, 1995, ISBN 0-07-017052-5 ch. 17

External links

• Mathematica function for creating the Nichols plot