New Jersey English

Despite popular stereotypes in the media that there is a singular New Jersey accent, there are in fact several distinct accents native to the U.S. state of New Jersey,[1] none being confined only to New Jersey. Therefore, the term New Jersey English is diverse and may refer to any of these dialects of American English, or even intermediate varieties that blend features of these multiple dialects.

Mid-Atlantic or Philadelphia dialect
Main articles: Mid-Atlantic American English and Philadelphia English

The regional dialect of the southern Mid-Atlantic States, in this case Philadelphia English specifically, is spoken in South Jersey and some parts of Central Jersey,[2] including most of Ocean County. Generally, the closer a speaker was raised to the city of Philadelphia, the more features their variety will share with the Philadelphia sub-dialect, such as use of the term hoagie to mean submarine sandwich (or sub). In Vineland in South Jersey and in some areas of Central Jersey, a nasal short-a system has been reported (in which /æ/ is tensed only before a nasal consonant), rather than the defining Philadelphia split-a system typical of South Jersey.[3]

New York dialect
Main article: New York City English

The dialect of greater New York City is spoken in northeastern New Jersey, plus Middlesex and Monmouth Counties. Therefore, the short-a system of these areas of New Jersey is most similar to the New York City split-a system, however with some variation. East of the Hackensack River, William Labov finds the short-a system to occur with no more variation than in New York City proper. However, west of the Hackensack River, he finds that the normal function word constraint of New York City English is lost and the open syllable constraint becomes variable.[4] While most of the New York metropolitan dialect heard in New Jersey is rhotic, that of Newark and Jersey City (just across the Hudson River from New York City) may be non-rhotic or "r-dropping".[5]

Northern dialect
Main article: Northern American English

Outside of the New York metropolitan area, regional English of North Jersey was classified as part of the broad Northern U.S. phonological region by The Atlas of North American English in 2006 and part of the Hudson Valley lexical region by Hans Kurath in 1949.[6] Here, the /uː/ vowel remains very far back in the mouth.[7] Like Inland Northern English but unlike New York City English, the accent backs /ɛ/ and fronts /ɒ/, so that both vowels are centralized, distinguished from each other only by height.[8] However, unlike the Inland Northern accent, this accent uses the nasal short-a system.[9]

African-American dialect

Working- and middle-class African Americans throughout New Jersey commonly speak African-American Vernacular English, regardless of the area of the state in which they were raised.

gollark: Note, though, that if you actively cool with glowstone then the copper coolers won't work - all coolers with other cooler requirements require - *specifically* - a passive cooler.
gollark: It's currently *probably* the optimal structure for high-efficiency fuels at low heat.
gollark: (you just plonk down a glowstone cooler in bits where there are two moderators, and then copper in the empty spaces where you can't put glowstone coolers)
gollark: Glowstone coolers.
gollark: Yes, but moderators.

References
  1. Donohue, Brian (October 30, 2014). "Mischief night, goosey night? Subs, Hoagie? Nine maps showing how New Jersey talks". NJ Advance Media for NJ.com.
  2. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:160)
  3. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:233)
  4. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phonoatlas/PLC3/Ch15.pdf
  5. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:47)
  6. Kurath, Hans (1949). A Word Geography of the Eastern United States. University of Michigan Press.
  7. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:47)
  8. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:122)
  9. Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:181)

Bibliography

Further reading
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