Mustapha Harun

Mustapha bin Datu Harun, or Tun Mustapha for short (31 July 1918 – 2 January 1995[1][2]), was the first governor of the Malaysian state of Sabah. He was also the third chief minister of the state from 1967 to 1975, and was the president for the political party United Sabah National Organisation (USNO). He is considered by some to be one of the founding leaders of Sabah and was an important party in the negotiations leading to the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.[3]

Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun

Mustapha Harun

SMN SPDK SIMP PNBS SPMJ SPMP SPCM
1st Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah
In office
16 September 1963 – 16 September 1965
Chief MinisterFuad Stephens
Peter Lo Sui Yin
Preceded byPost created
Succeeded byPengiran Ahmad Raffae Pengiran Omar
3rd Chief Minister of Sabah
In office
12 May 1967 – 1 November 1975
Preceded byPeter Lo Sui Yin
Succeeded byMohammad Said Keruak
Personal details
Born(1918-07-31)31 July 1918
Kampung Limau-Limauan, Kudat, British North Borneo
Died2 January 1995(1995-01-02) (aged 76)
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Political partyUSNO (1961–1990)
UMNO (1990–1994)
Spouse(s)Rahmah Zulkarnain
MotherNoraini Abdul Rahim
FatherHarun Nasaruddin

He is known to some as the "father of Sabah's independence" (Bapa Kemerdekaan Sabah) and also the "father of Sabah's development" (Bapa Pembangunan Sabah).[4]

Personal life

Mustapha was born in Kampung Limau-limauan, Kudat. He is of Suluk-Bajau origin (Bajau Bannaran/Bajau Kudat and not Bajau Ubian).[5]

World War II

During World War II, he was wanted by the Japanese forces because of the rebellions he led against them, mainly in Kudat during the Japanese occupation. But when they could not find him, they caught his younger brother and eventually killed him because his brother would not reveal where he was hiding. Albert Kwok invited Mustapha to join in the Jesselton Revolt but he advised Kwok to wait and prepare, saying the time wasn't right for insurrection. However, Kwok was forced to launch the revolt ahead of schedule because the Chinese were going to be subjected to conscription by the Japanese. Kwok was joined in the revolt along with Suluks and Bajaus under Panglima Ali. The revolt failed and the Japanese engaged in large scale massacres of indigenous civilians, including women and children especially from the Suluks community.

Political career

Appointment to Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah

Mustapha founded the party United Sabah National Organisation, better known by the acronym USNO. He, together with Donald Stephens, are often credited as important figures in Sabah in bringing forth Sabah's independence and in the formation of Malaysia in 1963. When Malaysia was formed on 16 September 1963, he became the first Yang di-Pertua Negara (governor) of Sabah.

Appointment to chief minister of Sabah

In the 1967 state election, USNO won, and Mustapha became the third Chief Minister of Sabah.

When he was Chief Minister, his relationship with the Malaysian central government was not very good. Although the central government, represented by the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, was a partner of USNO, they were worried about certain stances taken by Mustapha, in particular, his intention or threat to secede Sabah from Malaysia. Mustapha also refused to sign an oil agreement with the federal government which stated that only 5% of Sabah's oil revenue will be given to the state. Mustapha demanded at least 30% for the development of Sabah where it will be drilled.[6]

Mustapha also succeeded in converting a significant number of non-Muslim indigenous people in Sabah into Muslim.[7] Aside from his involvement in politics and religion (Islam), he also made contributions in the education of Sabah. He mooted the idea of forming Sabah Foundation (Yayasan Sabah) and was responsible in setting up the first university, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Sabah Campus, and also the setting up of ITM (Institut Teknologi Mara).

He was also the Deputy Head of PERKIM, when the late Tunku was the President and also the time of Patinggi Taib. He was also the head of United Sabah Islamic Association (USIA) and a member of RISEAP.

In 1975, USNO secretary-general Harris Salleh left the party to form BERJAYA. This party was backed up by the federal government thru the oil lobby.[6][8] In the 1976 state election, BERJAYA won and Mustapha was ousted from power.

Formation of Sabah chapter of UMNO

Since his ouster in 1976, Tun Mustapha had been trying to initiate a merger of his party USNO with peninsular-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in a bid to return to the corridors of power in Sabah. However, the UMNO supreme council was hesitant on a merger because their party did not accept non-Malay/non-muslim members. Besides, the UMNO president at that time, Tun Hussein Onn was uneasy with Tun Mustapha's close relationship with UMNO's anti-Hussein faction.[9][10] Mustapha remained active in politics, leading USNO and contesting in four subsequent state elections (1981, 1985, 1986, and 1990). Although they never won again, they still managed to win several seats in the state assembly. They also remained a partner of BN at the federal government level (as opposed to the state level).[11] After the 1990 state election, he teamed up with Harris Salleh again, after BERJAYA themselves were ousted by Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS). This resulted in a merger of USNO and BERJAYA to create the Sabah chapter of UMNO. Mustapha became its first chief of UMNO Sabah.

Controversies

Arrests of Roman Catholic priests and the Islamisation of Sabah State
Main article: Demographics of Sabah § Mass conversion and autonomy in freedom of religion issues

Mustapha is remembered by the Catholics of Sabah for imposing to the letter the immigration laws by denying foreign priests who have not obtained permanent residency on the extension of their visas. All the priests who object to their expulsion for doing religious works among the Catholics were arrested by using his powers as the Chairman of the State Security Operation Committee and CM of Sabah State Government.[12]

Under his orders, on 2 December 1972, the police made a raid at the missions at Tambunan, Papar, Bundu Tuhan and Kuala Penyu. The raids at Tambunan and Papar were successful, timed early in the morning with the church bell ropes cut to prevent it from being used to warn the people. The priests were at Kapayan long before the parishioners were aware of it. The raid at Kuala Penyu was initially a fiasco with a reception committee of 600 Catholics. To avoid clashes, by 11 am reinforcements were flown in to arrest one priest. On 15 December more priests were arrested at Keningau, Tenom and Limbahau.[13] The rest of the priests who only had temporary residence permits, on hearing this has no choice but to say goodbye to their parishioners and went home or were given new assignments to nearby countries. As reported in local news such as Daily Express (p. 2, 11 November 2009), the Malaysian home ministry informed in parliament that a biography of Mustapha's political opponent who died in the Double Six Crash plane crash, Peter Mojuntin, is banned. The reason was that the book "allegedly" recorded that Peter exposed Mustapha's attempt to stop Catholism in Sabah by deporting and arresting foreign missionary priests who were serving their local parishes in the state.[14]

Peter's house was also surrounded by the police after all the priests were arrested because only he dared to voice his opposition to the prosecution of the priests. He was not arrested because of his strong political support from the Kadazan people of Penampang.[15]

While the 20-point agreement had provided that “there should be no any state religion in North Borneo”, Mustapha party of USNO including himself is very active in propagating Islam and amend a bill to make Islam as the official religion of the state.[16] He actively sponsored the creation of United Sabah Islamic Association (USIA) on 14 August 1969 which modelled from similar agencies that already existing in West Malaysia. He actively campaigned to persuade non-Muslims to convert to Islam due to what he perceive that the unity can only be achieved through a common religion and language, where he also make the Malay language as the official language of Sabah by limiting the importance of English language. By February 1974, around 75,000 non-Muslim Sabahans had been converted to Islam which rapidly increase to 95,000 in 1975.[17]

Aiding the Moro rebels in the southern Philippines
Main articles: Refugees of the Philippines, Illegal immigrants in Malaysia, and Moro conflict in the Philippines

During Mustapha term as a Chief Minister of Sabah, he had a vision to make Islam as the majority religion in the state. In order to achieve his aims, he was actively harbouring Muslim refugees from the Philippines especially those of similar ethnic background to himself.[18] Mustapha was also believed to have aiding the Moro in their struggle for independence by providing arms and training facilities in Malaysia.[19] His action were tolerated by the Malaysian government because he was consistent in delivering Muslim votes as well as for his continuous backing of the Malaysian government. He was later successful in making Islam the main religion of Sabah.[18] However, as Malaysian government wanted to maintain good relations between Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with the Philippine central government, the Malaysian government could not raise the plight of Muslim minority in the Philippines.[18] Due to this, Mustapha planned to secede the state of Sabah from Malaysia but his intention failed after he was removed from his position in 1975. The Philippine central government then retracted the Sabah claim in 1977 as a reward for Malaysian government action to stop supporting the southern Philippines Muslim rebels.[18]

Death and legacy
Mustapha tomb in Putatan

He died on 2 January 1995 at Sabah Medical Centre, Teluk Likas, Kota Kinabalu, at the age of 76. He was buried at the Muslim cemetery in Kampung Ulu/Ulu Seberang, Putatan District which was formerly used as a fortress by the late Paduka Mat Salleh and the State Government has named the cemetery "Taman Memorial Tun Datu Haji Mustapha". His memorial is not in Tambunan. The Tun Datu Mustapha Memorial in Tambunan is meant for the distant uncle, Paduka Mat Salleh.

During the 8th Convocation Ceremony of UMS (Universiti Malaysia Sabah) held on 2–3 September 2006, he was conferred the Honorary Degree-Doctor of Philosophy (Social Development)

The state government renamed the Sabah Foundation Building to Tun Mustapha Tower, as a token of appreciation for his contributions to the state.

Tun Mustapha Marine Park, a marine park in Kudat, Sabah was named after him.

Honours
Statue of Tun Mustapha in front of his residence in Kudat.

Honours of Malaysia

Foreign Honours
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References
  1. Biodata Tun Datu Haji Mustafa bin Datu Harun
  2. Tun Datu Haji Mustafa bin Datu Harun Archived 14 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine. arkib.gov.my
  3. "Celebrating Malaysia Day". The Star. 24 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
  4. "Tun Mustapha dan Pembangunan Sabah (development of Sabah)", Yayasan Sabah (2003).
  5. Reid, Anthony (1997). "Endangered identity: Kadazan or Dusun in Sabah". 28. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. The Borneo Post Online Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Åsgård, Björn."A Study of the Kadazan Dusun, Sabah, Malaysia" Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Ethnic Awareness and Development, p. 28. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
  8. Rafaelle, Paul (1986). Harris Salleh of Sabah. Hong Kong: Condor Publishing. ISBN 962-7212-01-6.
  9. P. Grafeld, Magaret (13 July 1976). "Sabah:Mohaned Noor released; Mustapha endorses UMNO-USNO merger". WikiLeaks. US Department of State. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  10. P. Grafeld, Margaret (14 July 1976). "Proposal to merge UMNO and USNO endorsed by Tunku". WikiLeaks. US Department of State. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  11. malaysiana1: About Datuk Seri Harris Salleh & Datuk Seri Musa Aman
  12. Maria Perpetua Kana (24 March 2004). "Christian Mission in Malaysia: Past Emphasis, Present Engagement and Future Possibilities" (PDF). School of Theology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Australian Catholic University. p. 120 (125/140). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  13. the book Khabar Gembira or "good news" - A history of the catholic church in East Malaysia and Brunei 1880 to 1976 by Fr John Rooney MHM Phd - 1981 Burns and Oates Ltd Wellwood North Farm rd, Turnbridge Wells Kent
  14. Daily Express News page 2, 11 November 2009
  15. Bernard, Sta Maria (May 1978). Peter J Mojuntin - The Golden Son of Kadazan (PDF). Ujong Pasir, Melaka: Chan Litho Press Sdn Bhd. pp. 7–23. Retrieved 21 May 2015. Released online on 7 March 2013 courtesy of Chaos Computer Club Berlin.
  16. Faisal H. Hazis (2015). "Patronage, Power and Prowess: Barisan Nasional's Equilibrium Dominance in East Malaysia" (PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Universiti Sains Malaysia. pp. 15/24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
  17. Mohammad Agus Yusoff (1999). "The Politics of centre-state conflict: the Sabah experience under the ruling Sabah Alliance (1963–1976)" (PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. p. 14/25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  18. Shanti Nair (11 January 2013). Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy. Routledge. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-1-134-96099-6.
  19. Andrew Tian Huat Tan (1 January 2004). Security Perspectives of the Malay Archipelago: Security Linkages in the Second Front in the War on Terrorism. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84376-997-2.
  20. "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1964" (PDF).
New creation Yang di-Pertua Negeri of Sabah
1963–1965		 Succeeded by
Pengiran Ahmad Raffae Pengiran Omar
Preceded by
Peter Lo Sui Yin		 Chief Minister of Sabah
1967–1975		 Succeeded by
Mohammad Said Keruak
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