Mount Taranaki

Mount Taranaki / Mount Egmont is an active stratovolcano in the Taranaki region on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island.[4][5] Although the mountain is more commonly referred to as Taranaki, it has two official names under the alternative names policy of the New Zealand Geographic Board.[6] The 2518-metre (8260-foot) mountain has a secondary cone, Fanthams Peak (Māori: Panitahi), 1,966 metres (6,450 ft), on its south side.[7] Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji, Taranaki provided the backdrop for the movie The Last Samurai.[8]

Mount Taranaki
Mount Egmont
View of Taranaki from Stratford, showing Fanthams Peak on the southern flank
Highest point
Elevation2,518 m (8,261 ft)
Prominence2,308 m (7,572 ft) [1]
ListingUltra
New Zealand #65
Coordinates39°17′47″S 174°03′53″E 
Geography
Mount Taranaki
North Island, New Zealand
Topo mapNZMS 169 Egmont National Park
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption1854
Climbing
First ascentErnst Dieffenbach & James Heberly, 1839 [2]
Easiest routeMount Taranaki Summit Track (trail) [3]

Name

The mountain is called Taranaki in the Māori language. The Māori word tara means mountain peak, and naki is thought to come from ngaki, meaning "shining", a reference to the snow-clad winter nature of the upper slopes. It was also named Pukehaupapa and Pukeonaki by iwi who lived in the region in ancient times.[8][9]

Captain Cook named it Mount Egmont on 11 January 1770[10] after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, a former First Lord of the Admiralty who had supported the concept of an oceanic search for Terra Australis Incognita. Cook described it as "of a prodigious height and its top cover'd with everlasting snow," surrounded by a "flat country ... which afforded a very good aspect, being clothed with wood and verdure".[11]

When Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne made landfall off Taranaki on 25 March 1772 he named the mountain Pic Mascarin. He was unaware of Cook's earlier visit.[12]

It appeared as Mount Egmont on maps until 29 May 1986, when the Minister of Lands ruled that "Mount Taranaki" would be an alternative and equal official name.[13] The Egmont name still applies to the national park that surrounds the peak and geologists still refer to the peak as the Egmont Volcano.[14]

As part of the treaty settlement with Ngā Iwi o Taranaki the mountain shall be officially called Taranaki Maunga from some time in 2020.[15]

Volcanic activity

Taranaki is geologically young, having commenced activity approximately 135,000 years ago. The most recent volcanic activity was the production of a lava dome in the crater and its collapse down the side of the mountain in the 1850s or 1860s.[16][17] Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks,[18] and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every 500 years.

Hazards
Remains from a lahar at Taranaki

Taranaki is unusual in that it has experienced at least five of its major eruptions by the method of cone collapse. Few volcanoes have undergone more than one cone collapse. The vast volume of material involved in these collapses is reflected in the extensive ringplain surrounding the volcano. There is also evidence of lahars being a common result of eruption.

Much of the region is at risk from lahars, which have reached as far as the coast. A volcanic event is not necessary for a lahar: even earthquakes combined with heavy rain or snow could dislodge vast quantities of unstable layers resting on steep slopes. Many farmers live in the paths of such possible destructive events.

Although volcanic eruptions are notoriously chaotic in their frequency, some scientists warn that a large eruption is "overdue". Research from Massey University indicates that significant seismic activity is likely again in the next 50 years. Prevailing winds would probably blow ash east, covering much of the North Island, and disrupting air routes, power transmission lines and local water supplies.[19]

Older volcanoes in the area
From New Plymouth

Taranaki sits on the remains of three older volcanic complexes that lie to the northwest. The Indo-Australian Plate is slowly moving relative to the magma source that feeds these volcanoes. This trend is reflected in Fanthams Peak, the newer secondary cone on the southeast side of Taranaki.

The oldest volcanic remnants consist of a series of lava plugs: Paritutu Rock (156m), which forms part of New Plymouth's harbour, and the Sugar Loaf Islands close offshore. These have been dated at 1.75 million years.

On the coast 15 km southwest of New Plymouth is the Kaitake Range (682m), last active approximately 500,000 years ago.

Nearest to Taranaki is the Pouakai Range. Pouakai may have originated around the same time as Kaitake but remained active until about 240,000 years ago. Much of Pouakai's large ringplain was obliterated by the Egmont Volcano, the hills near Eltham being the only remnant to the south.[16]

Māori mythology
Taranaki at daybreak 2008

According to Māori mythology,[20] Taranaki once resided in the middle of the North Island, with all the other New Zealand volcanoes. The beautiful Pihanga was coveted by all the mountains, and a great battle broke out between them. Tongariro eventually won the day,[21] inflicted great wounds on the side of Taranaki, and causing him to flee. Taranaki headed westwards, following Te Toka a Rahotu (the Rock of Rahotu) and forming the deep gorges of the Whanganui River,[22] paused for a while, creating the depression that formed the Te Ngaere swamp, then heading north. Further progress was blocked by the Pouakai ranges, and as the sun came up Taranaki became petrified in his current location. When Taranaki conceals himself with rainclouds, he is said to be crying for his lost love, and during spectacular sunsets, he is said to be displaying himself to her.[23] In turn, Tongariro's eruptions are said to be a warning to Taranaki not to return.

History
NASA satellite photo of Taranaki. The forested area matches the national park boundary fairly closely.

In 1865 the mountain was confiscated from Māori by the New Zealand Government under the powers of the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863, ostensibly as a means of establishing and maintaining peace amid the Second Taranaki War. The legislation was framed with the intention of seizing and dividing up the land of Māori "in rebellion" and providing it as farmland for military settlers. In 1839 the mountain had been climbed by the Swiss trained doctor and naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach. During his initial ascent, he identified the fast-flowing streams as being well suited to water driven mills. Dieffenbach was employed by the New Zealand Company to advise on the potential of land he explored in the North Island in 1839–40.[24]

The mountain was returned to the people of Taranaki in 1978 by means of the Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978, which vested it to the Taranaki Maori Trust Board. By means of the same Act, it was immediately passed back to the Government as a gift to the nation.[25] The Waitangi Tribunal, in its 1996 report, Kaupapa Tuatahi,[26] observed: "We are unaware of the evidence that the hapū agreed to this arrangement. Many who made submissions to us were adamant that most knew nothing of it." It cited a submission that suggested the political climate of 1975 was such that the board felt it was necessary to perform a gesture of goodwill designed to create a more favourable environment within which a monetary settlement could be negotiated.

In 2017, a record of understanding was signed between Taranaki iwi and the New Zealand government that will see the mountain become a legal personality.[27] It is the third geographic feature in the country to be granted a legal personality, after Te Urewera and Whanganui River.

On 2 December 2019, an agreement between the crown and Ngā Iwi o Taranaki was announced that the mountain was to only be referred to as Taranaki Maunga. The national park will be renamed from Egmont National Park to Te Papakura o Taranaki.[28] The name change has not yet been ratified by the New Zealand Geographic Board.[29]

National park
Main article: Egmont National Park

In 1881, a circular area with a radius of six miles (9.6 km) from the summit was protected as a Forest Reserve. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouakai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve and in 1900 all this land was gazetted as Egmont National Park, the second national park in New Zealand. There are parts of the national park where old growth forests are found.[30] With intensively-farmed dairy pasture reaching right up to the park boundary, the change in vegetation is sharply delineated circular shape in satellite images. If one looks more closely, it becomes clear that the circle is actually 30 sides of a 36-sided polygon with sides of just over one mile.[31]

Recreation

The Stratford Mountain Club operates the Manganui skifield on the eastern slope. Equipment access to the skifield is by flying fox across the Manganui Gorge.

The Taranaki Alpine Club maintains Tahurangi Lodge on the north slope of the mountain, just next to the television tower. The lodge is frequently used as the base for public climbs to the summit held in the summer months. The various climbing and tramping clubs organize these public events and provide informal guides.

For the average person, Taranaki would be considered a moderate mountain to climb. It takes a person with good fitness level a day to make the up-and-back climb. Weather on the mountain can change rapidly, which has caught inexperienced trampers and climbers unawares. As of 27 June 2017, 84 people have died on the mountain since records began in 1891, many having been caught by a sudden change in the weather. In terms of fatalities this mountain is the second most dangerous mountain in New Zealand after Aoraki / Mount Cook.[32][33]

Sites of interest on Mount Taranaki
  • Wilkies Pools
  • Dawson Falls
  • View of Mount Ruapehu from close to the summit of Mount Taranaki

Access
Aerial view of Mount Taranaki 2015

There are three roads leading part-way up the mountain. The highest is to East Egmont plateau, with a viewing platform and parking facilities for the skifield. It lies at the transition between subalpine scrub and alpine herbfields.

There are park visitor centres at North Egmont and at Dawson Falls on the southeast side.

The eastern side from Stratford leads to the Stratford Mountain House, and the ski field.

There is no road access on the western side. However, a road winds for 10 km through native bush over the saddle between Pouakai and Kaitake. Near the top of this road is the renowned Pukeiti Trust rhododendron garden.

gollark: Um. Okay?
gollark: We should at least get "ruthlessly exploited a broken system" badges.
gollark: The Antimemetics Division is still poor, though obviously I can't check how much because the MemeNetwork™ is down.
gollark: Well, it's definitely *down* now.
gollark: Oh hey, the meme.market site just shut down.

See also

References
  1. "Peaklist.org: Oceania". Retrieved 4 March 2007.
  2. "Pouakai Circuit: Egmont National Park (NZ DOC)". Retrieved 4 March 2007.
  3. "Mount Taranaki Summit Track (NZ DOC)". Retrieved 4 March 2007.
  4. "Volcano Fact Sheet: Mount Taranaki / Egmont Volcano" (PDF). GNS Science. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  5. 'Likely to erupt in the future', Neal & Alloway 1991, as quoted in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics Archived 22 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  6. "What is the difference between alternative naming and dual naming?". Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2010.
  7. "Dawson Falls and East Egmont Walks" (PDF). Department of Conservation. 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  8. Lambert, Ron (13 July 2012). "Taranaki Region - The mountain". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  9. Coster, Deena (1 April 2016). "History reveals Taranaki's peak was once known by a different name". Taranaki Daily News.
  10. "Chapter IV. — Cook completes his survey, 1769 and 1770". NZETC. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  11. Beaglehole, J.C., ed. (1968). The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I: The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771. Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–233. OCLC 223185477.
  12. Robbie Whitmore. "The discovery of New Zealand - Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne".
  13. "27 March 2009 Place Name Proposal Report". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  14. "Egmont Volcanic Seismic Monitoring Network & Contingency Plan".
  15. "Egmont out, Taranaki Maunga in: agreement reached on mountain name change". Stuff. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  16. "Volcanic Taranaki". Puke Ariki. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
  17. "Taranaki (Egmont)". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  18. Leighton Keith (11 October 2011). "Mt Taranaki volcano history revised". Taranaki Daily News. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  19. "Living With Volcanoes" (PDF), TEPHRA, Civil Defence, 21, pp. 41–43, September 2004
  20. Wikaira, Martin (22 September 2012). "Ngāti Tūwharetoa - Mountains and lakes". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  21. "Taranaki Region of New Zealand". Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  22. "Taranaki - Gliding Peak". Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
  23. "Maori Legend of Mounts Ruapehu and Taranaki (Egmont)". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  24. Ascent of Egmont. p260-264. Ernest. Dieffenbach. Random House. 2008.
  25. "Mount Egmont Vesting Act 1978". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office.
  26. Waitangi Tribunal: Kaupapa Tuatahi report, 1996, chapter 11
  27. Smith, Blanton (21 December 2017). "Mt Taranaki to become legal personality under agreement between iwi and government". Taranaki Daily News.
  28. "Taranaki Maunga to be recognised solely for its Māori name". Radio New Zealand. 3 December 2019.
  29. "New Zealand Gazetteer, Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont". Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  30. C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
  31. Google Maps
  32. McMurray, Kirsty; Burroughs, David; Watson, Mike (29 June 2017). "Safety call after latest Mt Taranaki death". Daily News.
  33. Watson, Mike (4 July 2017). "Adventurous climber uses snapped ski pole to anchor 300-metre fall on Mt Taranaki". stuff.co.nz.
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