Model 102 telephone

The model 102 telephone was a version of Western Electric's first widely distributed telephone set that featured the transmitter and receiver in a common handset. Although this type designation was not used before ca. 1930, predecessor types were produced starting approximately in 1927 with the A handset mounting, and the B handset mounting in 1928. Earlier telephones by Western Electric had been of the candlestick type which featured a transmitter fixed to the base, and a receiver held by the user to the ear. The design of the A handset mounting was inherited from the candlestick desk stands, while the B-type was slightly reshaped. Although the B handset mounting was produced until 1932, Western Electric introduced a newly designed models, the D handset mounting in 1930, which had an oval foot print to improve physical stability during dialing.

Western Electric D1 telephone, which was also designated as the 102 Hand Telephone with a sidetone electric circuit.

The model 102 telephone was the version of the D handset mounting with the traditional sidetone circuit. It consisted of the handset mounting typically placed on the desk top and a physically separate desk set box or subscriber set. This box was typically mounted on a wall near the phone or on the side of a desk. The desk set contained only the dial, a handset cradle with hook switch, and the handset positioned in the cradle, while the subscriber set contained the ringer and the electrical components to interface the unit with the telephone network.

The 102 telephone was plagued by problems with excessive sidetone, resulting in a poor experience for users hearing their own voice very loudly, and in extreme cases in early versions also unstable feedback from the receiver into the transmitter. This sometimes caused users to lower their voices to the point where the other party found them difficult to hear. This problem was resolved with a new anti-sidetone circuit for the D1 telephone which became known as the 202 hand telephone.

History

As early as 1890, Western Electric had been experimenting with handset types that combined the transmitter and the receiver in the same hand-held unit, but two technical problems prevented them from reaching production at that time. First, the transmitters of the day did not work well unless oriented in a vertical plane. If operated at other angles, as would be expected in a hand-held unit, carbon granules in the transmitter would shift and move in an unacceptable manner, resulting in poor voice quality.[1]

Another hurdle to the acceptance of a common handset model was that audio from the receiver was picked up acoustically by the transmitter either via the air space to the receiver, or transmitted through the handle. Multiple passes via these paths result in amplification, and producing howling tones. The problems were aggravated by the signal boosting circuitry used in the subscriber set which resulted in a strong signal (sidetone) at the receiver of the speech of the user.[2] Sidetone is desirable only to some fraction of volume so that the user has the assurance that the telephone is working correctly. Strong sidetone may cause users to lower the voice to unacceptable levels, so that the recipient receives insufficient signal level.

In the 1920s, developments in anti-sidetone circuitry and non-positional transmitters, which worked in any orientation, permitted Western Electric to develop a handset model substantially free of these problems. The resulting E1 handset was ready for production in 1927. This handset was paired with a base that was essentially a candlestick with a shortened neck of approximately one inch in height, topped with a new cradle for the handset. The cradle incorporated the hookswitch as a vertical plunger actuating the electrical switch contacts. This initial design was released in limited supply as Western Electric's first handset subscriber telephone, issued with the type designations A1, A2, and A3, for various types of service.

A Western Electric B1 hand telephone with E1 handset with spit-cup mouthpiece

Shortly after the introduction of A-type desk set, a new base design was ready for the E1 handset to replace the shortened candlestick. The new design streamlined the design to include the neck into the contour of the base, resulting in the type B handset mounting. This type retained a circular foot print of the base. The B-type desk set was followed by a wall-mounted handset telephone, designated as the C-type hangup telephone, with the E1 handset hanging on one side of the unit in a cradle for the receiver end.

In use, the B-type telephone base proved unstable during dialing, and was replaced with the D-type handset mounting in 1930. A wider, oval base improved its stability. While the D1 mounting base was initially deployed electrically identical to the prior models, the anti-sidetone audio circuitry was introduced in short order the same year.

With the introduction of the anti-sidetone circuit, Western Electric began assigning assembly codes to telephones based on the electrical configuration. Until then, telephones were primarily referred to by the part numbers used to construct them. With the new circuit variants, this became insufficient, resulting in the distinction between 100-series hand telephones and 200-series hand telephones. Thus, the type 102 was the new designation for the D1 handset mounting when used on common battery lines with a side-tone circuit,[3] and the 202 was the anti-sidetone version with a D1 handset mounting.[4] The previous types, i.e. the A and B handset mounting were not designated with these manufacturing codes,[5] although they were covered by the same specifications and maintenance procedures.

gollark: No, but you can use accursed streaming base conversion algorithms™ probably.
gollark: I had a paper on generating digits of things like that using a generalized base conversion algorithm on infinite lazy streams, 'twas very weird.
gollark: The Wikipedia article explains how you can attain things from that.
gollark: Xylophone Yttrium Zoo, India.
gollark: Either by starting at the *maximum* length for everything and seeing where it can be shifted to be smaller, or starting at a more optimistic one and trying to make it actually work

See also

References
  1. Mountjoy, Richard (1995). 100 Years of Bell Telephones. Schiffer Publishing. p. 138. ISBN 0-88740-872-9.
  2. M.D. Fagan (Ed.) A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System. The Early Years (1875-1925), AT&T Bell Laboratories (1975), p.144.
  3. AT&T, Bell System Practices, Section C32.102 Issue 2 (1 June 1931) Sidetone Hand Telephone Set
  4. AT&T, Bell System Practices, Section C32.103 Issue 1 (1 June 1931) Anti-Sidetone Hand Telephone Sets
  5. AT&T, Bell System Practices Section C32.101 Issue 1 (1 August 1930), Hand Telephone Sets—B Types—Description and Use
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