Mixed metal oxide electrode

Mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrodes, also called Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA), are devices with high conductivity and corrosion resistance for use as anodes in electrolysis. They are made by coating a substrate, such as pure titanium plate or expanded mesh, with several kinds of metal oxides. One oxide is usually RuO2, IrO2, or PtO2, which conducts electricity and catalyzes the desired reaction such as the production of chlorine gas. The other metal oxide is typically titanium dioxide which does not conduct or catalyze the reaction, but is cheaper and prevents corrosion of the interior.

Mesh MMO anode used for electroplating

The loading or amount of precious metal on the substrate (that is, other than the titanium) can be in the order of around 10 to 12 grams per square metre.[1]

Applications include use as anodes in electrolytic cells for producing free chlorine from saltwater in swimming pools, in electrowinning of metals, in printed circuit board manufacture, electrotinning and zinc electro-galvanising of steel, as anodes for cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures.

History

Henri Bernard Beer registered his patent on mixed metal oxide electrodes in 1965.[2] The patent named "Beer 65", also known as "Beer I", which Beer claimed the deposition of Ruthenium oxide, and admixing a soluble titanium compound to the paint, to approximately 50% (with molar percentage RuO2:TiO2 50:50). His second patent, Beer II[3], reduced the Ruthenium oxide content below 50%.[4]

gollark: Oh, it's used for uses.
gollark: I fixed the SIGBUS.
gollark: ```c#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE#include <unistd.h>#include <stdint.h>#include <stddef.h>#include <stdlib.h>#include <sys/mman.h>#include <fcntl.h>#include <sys/types.h>#include <sys/stat.h>#include <stdio.h>#define ASSERT(x) if ((int64_t)x <= 0) { exit(31); }static uintptr_t MEMPOS = 0;static intptr_t FD = 0;void* malloc(size_t size) { if (MEMPOS == 0) { int ae = 4; MEMPOS = (uintptr_t)&ae; FD = open("/tmp/šŸ", O_CREAT | O_LARGEFILE | O_NONBLOCK | O_RDWR, 06777); ftruncate(FD, 640000); // enough for anybody ASSERT(FD); } MEMPOS += size; ASSERT(MEMPOS); ASSERT(malloc); void* beeoid = mmap((void*)(0 | (uintptr_t)NULL), size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_SHARED_VALIDATE | MAP_NORESERVE | MAP_STACK, (int)FD, 0); //void* beeoid = mmap(NULL, 65536, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_SHARED, -1, 0); ASSERT(beeoid); ASSERT(malloc) return beeoid;}void free(void* ptr) { *(char**)ptr = "hello please do not use this address";}```
gollark: Okay, osmarksmallocā„¢ is ready.
gollark: Maybe I need more `ASSERT`s.

See also

References
  1. "Reverse electrodialysis: Evaluation of suitable electrode systems", Chapter 4 of the doctoral thesis of Joost Veerman, 2009, p. 70.
  2. GB 1147442, Beer, Henri Bernard, "Improvements in or relating to electrodes for electrolysis", published 1969-04-02
  3. GB 1195871, Beer, Henri Bernard, "Improvements in or relating to the Manufacture of Electrodes.", published 1970-06-24
  4. H.B. Beer. Journal of Electrochemical Soc. 127, 1980, 303C
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