Mircea I of Wallachia

Mircea the Elder (Romanian: Mircea cel Bătrân, pronounced [ˈmirt͡ʃe̯a t͡ʃel bəˈtrɨn] (listen); c. 1355 – 31 January 1418) was Voivode of Wallachia from 1386 until his death. The byname "elder" was given to him after his death in order to distinguish him from his grandson Mircea II ("Mircea the Younger"), although some historians believe the epithet was given to him as a sign of respect by later generations.[2] He is considered the most important Wallachian ruler during the Middle Ages and one of the great rulers of his era,[2] and starting in the 19th century Romanian historiography has also referred to him as Mircea the Great (Mircea cel Mare).[3]

"Mircea cel Bătrân" redirects here. For the village in Ialomiţa County, see Reviga.

Mircea the Elder
Voivode of Wallachia
Mircea the Elder. Fresco in the Episcopal Church of Curtea de Argeș
Voivode of Wallachia (1st reign)
Reign	23 September 1386 – November 1394
Predecessor	Dan I of Wallachia
Successor	Vlad I of Wallachia
Voivode of Wallachia (2nd reign)
Reign	January 1397 – 31 January 1418
Predecessor	Vlad I of Wallachia
Successor	Michael I of Wallachia
Born	c.1355
Died	31 January 1418 (aged 62–63)
Burial	4 February 1418 Cozia Monastery, Vâlcea County
Spouse	Doamna Mara Doamna Anca
Issue	Michael I of Wallachia Radu II Praznaglava Alexandru I Aldea Vlad II Dracul Ana of Wallachia Arina of Wallachia
House	Basarab
Father	Radu I of Wallachia
Mother	Doamna Calinichia
Religion	Orthodox Christian[1]

Family

Mircea was the son of voivode Radu I of Wallachia and his wife, Doamna Calinichia,[4] thus being a descendant of the House of Basarab.[5] He was the father of Vlad II Dracul and Alexander I Aldea, and grandfather of Mircea II, Vlad Țepeș (Dracula), Vlad Călugărul and Radu cel Frumos. All of these would at one time or the other rule Wallachia, with Mircea II and Vlad Țepeș both being able military commanders (the latter became one of the most notorious leaders in history, and is commonly believed to be the inspiration for the novel Dracula by Bram Stoker).

Reign

Wallachia under Mircea cel Bătrân, c. 1390

Mircea's reign is often considered to have brought stability to Wallachia. Found in a volatile region of the world, this principality's borders constantly shifted, but during Mircea's rule, Wallachia controlled the largest area in its history: from the Southern Carpathians in the north to the Danube in the south, and from today's Iron Gates on the Danube in the west to the Black Sea in the east.[6]

Mircea strengthened the power of the state and organized the different high offices, promoted economic development, increased the state's revenue, and minted silver money that enjoyed wide circulation not only inside the country but also in neighboring countries. He gave the merchants of Poland and Lithuania trade privileges and renewed those his predecessors had given to the people of Braşov. As a result, Mircea was able to afford increasing his military power. He fortified the Danube citadels and strengthened "the great army" made up of townspeople and of free and dependent peasants. He also proved to be a great supporter for the Eastern Orthodox Church.[7] Mircea the Elder is the first in the region to deal with slaves giving 300 gypsy dwellings to a monastery in 1388.[8]

While organizing the country and its institutions, Mircea also formed a system of lasting alliances which enabled him to defend the independence of the country. Through the intermediary of Petru Muşat, the prince of Moldavia, he concluded a treaty of alliance with Władysław II Jagiełło, king of Poland in 1389.[9] The treaty was renewed in 1404 and 1410.[10] He maintained close relations with Sigismund of Luxembourg, the king of Hungary, relying on their common interest in the struggle against Ottoman expansion.[11][12]

Conflicts with the Ottoman Empire

The seal of Voivode Mircea from 1390, depicting the coat of arms of Wallachia

His interventions in support of the Bulgarians south of the Danube who were fighting against the Turks brought him into conflict with the Ottoman Empire. In 1394, Beyazid I (also known as "Yıldırım Beyazıt", "the Thunderbolt") crossed the Danube river, leading 40,000 men, an impressive force at the time. Mircea had only about 10,000 men so he could not survive an open fight. He chose to fight what would now be called a guerrilla war, by starving the opposing army and using small, localized attacks and retreats (a typical form of asymmetric warfare). On October 10, 1394, the two armies finally clashed at the Battle of Rovine, which featured a forested and swampy terrain, thus preventing the Ottomans from properly spreading their army; Mircea finally won the fierce battle and threw the Ottomans out of the country.[13][14] This famous battle was later epically described by the poet Mihai Eminescu in his Third Epistle. However, Mircea had to retreat to Hungary, while the Turks installed Vlad Uzurpatorul on the throne of Wallachia.[15]

In 1396, Mircea participated in an anti-Ottoman crusade started by Hungary's monarch. The crusade ended with the Ottoman victory at the Battle of Nicopolis on September 25.[13] In the next year, 1397, Mircea, having defeated Vlad the Usurper with Hungarian help, stopped another Ottoman expedition that crossed the Danube, and in 1400 he defeated yet another expedition of Turks crossing the country.[16]

The defeat of Sultan Beyazid I by Timur Lenk (Tamerlane) at Ankara in the summer of 1402 opened a period of anarchy in the Ottoman Empire and Mircea took advantage of it to organize together with the Hungarian king a campaign against the Turks. In 1404 Mircea was thus able to impose his rule on Dobruja again. Moreover, Mircea took part in the struggles for the throne of the Ottoman Empire and enabled Musa to ascend that throne (for a brief reign). It was at this time that the prince reached the height of his power.[17]

Towards the end of his reign, Mircea signed a treaty with the Ottomans; in return for a tribute of 3,000 gold pieces per year, the Ottomans desisted from making Wallachia a province ("pashalik").[18]

Legacy

The "bravest and ablest of the Christian princes", as he was described by German historian Leunclavius, ruled Wallachia for 32 years.[19] Mircea was a ktetor, building among other monuments, the Cozia Monastery near Călimănești in ca. 1390. He had churches built after Serbian architectural styles, after the models of the Lazarica Church, Veluće, Naupara, and Kalenić monastery.[20]

Wallachian diploma of Mircho (Mircea I the Great), voevoda published in Giurgiu in 1409. Written in Old Bulgarian language. Грамоти отъ Влахия: http://macedonia.kroraina.com/lm_da/lm_da_dako-romyni_3a.htm#4

Грамота отъ Мирчо войвода, издадена въ Гюргево въ 6917 (1409.) год.

Грамоти отъ Влахия: http://macedonia.kroraina.com/lm_da/lm_da_dako-romyni_3a.htm#4

In popular culture

Mircea was played by Sergiu Nicolaescu in the 1989 film Mircea, which was also directed by Nicolaescu.[21]

See also

Ancestors of Mircea I of Wallachia
16. Thocomerius 8. Basarab I of Wallachia 4. Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia 9. Doamna Margareta 2. Radu I of Wallachia 5. Maria 1. Mircea I of Wallachia 3. Kalinikia

Mircea I of Wallachia House of Basarab Born: 1355 Died: 1418
Regnal titles
Preceded by Dan I	Voivode of Wallachia 1386–1394/1395	Succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul (The Usurper)
Preceded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul	restored as Voivode of Wallachia 1397–1418	Succeeded by Mihail I

Notes

1. "Mircea cel Bătrân". Enciclopedia României (in Romanian).
2. Dr. Brackob, A.K. (2018). Mircea the Old: Father of Wallachia, Grandfather of Dracula. Buffalo, U.S.A.: Center for Romanian Studies / Histria Books. pp. 9–11. ISBN 9781592110018.
3. Hasdeu, p. 130; Xenopol, p, 89; Iorga, p. III
4. Panaitescu, P. P. "II. Mircea cel Bătrân. Originea și familia lui". Mircea cel Bătrân (PDF) (in Romanian) (II ed.). Corint.
5. Giurescu, pp.362
6. Giurescu, pp.363
7. . SEVEREANU, Ducaţii Ţării Române şi cu numele a doi domnitori: Vlad I şi Mircea I, Bucureştii, l, 1935, p. 250-260
8. Achim, Viorel (2004). The Roma in Romanian History. Central European University Press. p. 14. ISBN 963-9241-84-9.
9. M. Manea, A. Pascu, B. Teodorescu, Istoria Românilor din cele mai vechi timpuri până la revoluția din 1821, Ed. Didactică și Pedagogică, București, 1997, p. 231.
10. Constantin C. Giurescu, Dinu C. Giurescu, Istoria românilor. Vol. 2, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti,1976. p. 83
11. „Marele Mircea voievod", Bucureşti, 1987
12. 1388 - 1390: Kaplai Ianos; 1390 - 1391: Mihai Perényi; 1392: Gerbeni Szemere; 1392 - 1393: Ditrich Bebek.
13. Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. p. 16.
14. Giurescu, pp. 367
15. P. P. Panaitescu, Mircea cel Bătrân. Ed. Corint, Bucureşti,2000, p.303
16. Giurescu, pp. 368.
17. Giurescu, pp. 369
18. Giurescu, p. 370.
19. C-tin C. Giurescu, p. 384
20. Ion Pătroiu (1987). Marele Mircea Voievod. Editura Academiei Repubvlicii Socialiste România. p. 460.
21. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0126439/

References

• (in Romanian) Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Istoria critică a românilor, vol. I, Bucharest, 1875
• (in Romanian) A. D. Xenopol, Istoria românilor din Dacia Traiană, vol. I, Iaşi, 1889
• (in Romanian) Nicolae Iorga, Studii şi documente cu privire la istoria românilor, vol. III, Bucharest, 1901
• (in Romanian) Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor, vol. I, Bucharest, 1938
• (in English) Dr. A.K. Brackob, Mircea the Old: Father of Wallachia, Grandfather of Dracula, Buffalo U.S.A., 2018