Merten de Keyser

Merten de Keyser (born Martin Lempereur; died 1536) was a 16th-century French printer and publisher working mainly in Antwerp, who printed the first complete French and the first complete English Bible translations as well as a number of works by English Protestant authors.

Life
Bible (1510) by Guillaume Le Rouge; Cleveland Museum of Art

Not much is known about his life. He married Françoise La Rouge, the daughter of the Paris printer Guillaume Le Rouge, whose workshop he took over on Le Rouge's death in 1517.[1][2] When a series of condemnations of evangelical works and a ban on Bible translations were issued in Paris in 1525, he moved to Antwerp.[3] In his Antwerp publications he adapted his name to the language of the publication (using Martinus Caesar in the Latin volumes, Merten de Keyser in the Dutch books, and Martyne Emperowr in the English works). He died in Antwerp in 1536. After his death, his widow continued to run the workshop.[4]

Publications

De Keyser issued many works by the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples: his French Psalter (1525), his French Old Testament (1528), his French New Testament (1529, 1531, 1532, 1535) and his complete French Bible (1530 and 1534), the first French Bible ever in print.[3] De Keyser published the second edition of Lefèvre's fivefold Psalter, the Quincuplex Psalterium, which contained the Psalms in five different Latin versions.

His Dutch publications included New Testaments (e.g. Dat nieuwe testament ons heeren Jesu Christi met alder neersticheyt oversien, ende verduytst in 1525), Psalters, partial biblical translations and other religious works. His printer's device is included in the second complete Dutch Bible, published by his colleague Willem Vorsterman in 1528 in Antwerp, hinting at some kind of co-operation between the two printers working in the same street.[5]

Merten de Keyser was active in the English market, too. In 1528 he published William Tyndale's The obedience of a Christen man, and in 1530 Tyndale's The practyse of Prelates as well as Tyndale's translation of the Pentateuch. A year later (1531) he issued Tyndale's Exposition of the fyrste Epistle of seynt Ihon, George Joye's translation of Isaiah, and Tyndale's translation of Jonah, the latter two apparently intended as a twin-publication.[6] Thomas Abell's Invicta Veritas, criticizing Henry VIII's divorce, saw the light of day also in the workshop of Merten de Keyser in 1532.[7] In 1533, he posthumously printed John Frith's answer to Thomas More, which Frith composed while imprisoned in the Tower of London. In 1534 De Keyser printed the second, revised edition of Tyndale's New Testament[8] as well as Joye's fresh edition of the Davids Psalter based on Zwingli's Latin Psalter, and Joye's translation of the book of Jeremiah.[9] These Old Testament translations were the first English translations of these biblical books ever in print.[10] Furthermore, according to the discovery of Guido Latré in 1997, it was also Merten de Keyser who printed the first complete English Bible, the Coverdale Bible.[11]

Among de Keyser's Latin publications, we find Robert Estienne's Latin Bible (e.g. in 1534), a scholarly revision of the Vulgate based on various ancient manuscripts.[12] Reprints of Erasmus's Latin translation of the New Testament were also issued by de Keyser.[13]

De Keyser seems to have published at least one book also in Leuven in 1532.[14]

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References
  1. Guillaume Le Rouge, Troyes: La pacience de Griselidis, marquise de Saluces (1491); Les postilles [et] expositions des epistres et euuangilles domi[n]icales auecques celles des festes solle[n]nel les enssemble aussy celles des cinq festes de la glorieuse et tressacree Vierge Marie et aussi la passio[n] de nostre saulueur et redempteur Jesucrist (1492); Postillae super Epistolis et Evangeliis dominicalibus ac festivitatibus de sanctis (1492); Histoire de Clamades et de la belle Clermonde (between 1492 & 1496)
  2. Guillaume Le Rouge; BnF catalogue général
  3. Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds.), Tyndale's Testament, Turnhout: Brepols, 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1, p. 132
  4. For an example published by his widow see the partial French New Testament edition on the Biblia Sacra website.
  5. See illustration on the Biblia Sacra website. The device (a shield with the initials MK, held by two lions) is found on the right hand side of the title page of the New Testament, under the picture of Saint Matthew the evangelist.
  6. Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds.), Tyndale's Testament, Turnhout: Brepols, 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1, p. 138.
  7. D.M.Loades, "Le livre et la Réforme anglaise avant 1558" in Jean-François Gilmont, La Réforme et le livre. L'Europe de l'imprimé 1517-v. 1570, (Cerf-Histoire), Paris: Cerf, 1990, p. 293. ISBN 2-204-04130-0
  8. Tyndale, William. "Tyndale's New Testament (Young.152)". Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  9. Biblia Sacra
  10. Gergely Juhász, "Translating Resurrection. The Importance of the Sadducees' Belief in the Tyndale–Joye Controversy", in Reimund Bieringer, Veronica Koperski & Bianca Lataire (eds.), Resurrection in the New Testament, FS Jan Lambrecht, (Bibliotheca Ephemeridum Theologicarum Lovaniensium 165), Leuven: UP-Peeters, 2002, 108-109.
  11. The Place of Printing of the Coverdale Bible Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine
  12. Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds.), Tyndale's Testament, Turnhout: Brepols, 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1, p. 91.
  13. See e.g. his edition of 1531 at the Biblia Sacra website.
  14. Lijst van drukkers
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