Menggala

Menggala is a subdistrict and a town in Tulang Bawang Regency, at the southeastern portion of Sumatra. It is the seat of the regency, with a population of about 50,000 in 2016. Menggala administratively covers an area of 344 square kilometers. The town's current administrative division, as a kecamatan or a subdistrict of the Lampung province, was established in 1946. It is about 100 km away from the city of Bandar Lampung.

Menggala
Subdistrict/Town
Streets of Menggala
Menggala
Location of Menggala in Lampung
Coordinates: 4°28′30″S 105°14′29″E
CountryIndonesia
ProvinceLampung
RegencyTulang Bawang Regency
Area
 • Total344 km2 (133 sq mi)
Population
 (2016 est.)
 • Total49,767
Time zoneUTC+7 (WIB)
Postcode
34611-34614
Area code(s)+62 726

Menggala is one of the oldest towns in the province, with records dating back to the fifth century. Sitting on the right bank of the Tulang Bawang River, one of the primary rivers in Lampung, Menggala was for a long time an important port for the region until the nineteenth century when it was eclipsed by Telukbetung. Before and during the colonial era, the town served as an entrepôt for the pepper trade.

Geography

Menggala is located on the right bank (south side) of the Tulang Bawang River, around 200 kilometers from its mouth and 97 km away from the provincial capital at Bandar Lampung.[1] The Menggala subdistrict covers an area of 344 square kilometers and is administratively further divided into nine villages.[2]

Climate

As with the rest of Indonesia, Menggala has a tropical climate classified as Af in the Köppen climate classification with an average temperature of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F) and precipitation of 2653 mm annually.[3]

Climate data for Menggala, Indonesia
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 29.2
(84.6)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.8
(87.4)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30
(86)		 30.1
(86.2)		 30.2
(86.4)		 30.7
(87.3)		 30.6
(87.1)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.2
(86.4)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0)		 21
(70)		 21.3
(70.3)		 21.4
(70.5)		 21.2
(70.2)		 20.7
(69.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 20.5
(68.9)		 20.8
(69.4)		 21.1
(70.0)		 21.3
(70.3)		 21.3
(70.3)		 21.0
(69.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 236
(9.3)		 237
(9.3)		 228
(9.0)		 213
(8.4)		 169
(6.7)		 133
(5.2)		 140
(5.5)		 201
(7.9)		 227
(8.9)		 328
(12.9)		 271
(10.7)		 270
(10.6)		 2,653
(104.4)
Source: climate-data.org[3]

History

Menggala is one of the oldest settlements in Lampung.[4] A polity in the territory that today constitutes Tulang Bawang Regency has been recorded in Chinese sources as early as the fifth century, when a location referred to as Pohuang (Dolang Pohuang in some sources) sent seven missions there.[5]:209 The Buddhist monk Yijing took note of the region during his voyage and time in Palembang at the coast.[6] As with most of southern Sumatra, Menggala was under Srivijayan influence during the empire's peak.[5]:296

Tome Pires was one of the first Europeans to take record of the area, and recorded Tulang Bawang in his Suma Oriental as part of the land of Sekampung, mentioning its trade with Sunda.[7] Despite a lack of decisive physical evidence, the center of Tulang Bawang was estimated to be about 20 km away from modern Menggala by Dutch historian J.W. Naarding.[6]

Minak Ngegulung's tomb in Menggala

According to local folklore, Menggala had been a trading center upstream the Tulang Bawang River for merchants coming from various regions in the Maritime Silk Road such as Canton, Gujarat and Persia, with a tale recording an incident when a hostile Chinese fleet was destroyed by the local armies. Menak Ngegulung Sakti and Menak Sengaji, the two commanders, became folk heroes.[6]

As Islam spread across Nusantara, the area remained an important center of trade, and later traded also with the Banten Sultanate which took control of it around 1530. Pepper was produced in the area, which drew the spice-seeking VOC. The Dutch newcomers established a fortress in the area around 1668, making their first foothold in what is today Lampung.[6][8] These powers, in addition to that of the Palembang Sultanate had significant influences in the region.[9]

Menggala (top center, slightly to the right) in Lampung Residency.

Following the annexation of Lampung by Herman Willem Daendels in 1808, Menggala remained a busy inland trading port, with a shipping company being established there.[6][8] Hajj from Palembang would act as middlemen in the pepper trade, trading in both local produce and imported merchandise through mainly sailing ships and native sailboats. The pepper would then be shipped abroad or moved to Telukbetung (today Bandar Lampung) first. This trading activity gave Menggala a nickname Paris van Lampung.[4] However, following the construction of a railroad in which Telukbetung acted as its southern terminus, Menggala's importance diminished. By the early twentieth century, Menggala was described as being a ghost town, although it had a population of 14,000 by 1930 (8 of which are Europeans) compared to 8,976 in 1912.[10][11][12] Menggala's Great Mosque of Kibang, the oldest mosque in Lampung, was rebuilt in 1830 following its demolishing due to a redesign of the town. As part of the Lampung Residency, Menggala was made a capital of Tulang Bawang Afdeeling in 1857.[6][13][2]

During the Second World War, the Imperial Japanese Army took over the town as part of the larger campaign in Sumatra which involved an invasion of oil-rich Palembang.[14] Following the independence of Indonesia, Menggala became capital of Tulang Bawang although its initial clan-based (marga) administration remained until 1952 when it was replaced by a more secular administration, titled kepala negeri. The modern position of Camat/subdistrict chief was put into place in 1972.[2]

Demographics
Religions in Menggala according to Statistics Indonesia[2]
Islam
 
 93.98%
Hinduism
 
 3.40%
Christian
 
 2.14%
Buddhism
 
 0.48%

According to Statistics Indonesia estimates, the subdistrict has a population of 49,767 in 12,568 households with a sex ratio of 101.1 and an overall population density of 144.7/km2. Islam is the majority religion comprising 93.9% of the population, followed by Hinduism at about 3.4%.

The population is administered by the following villages (desa/kelurahan):

VillagePopulationArea
Bujung Tenuk3,26026.76
Astra Ksetra2,32711.82
Ujung Gunung Ilir4,75611.07
Menggala Selatan10,24351.79
Ujung Gunung9,35395.43
Menggala Tengah6,36765.08
Menggala Kota7,06544.76
Kagungan Rahayu4,06712.47
Tiuh Tohou2,32924.81

Economy and facilities

Historically, Menggala has served as a center of trade for agricultural products, allowing their shipping down the Tulang Bawang River. Today, Menggala is connected by the eastern part of the Trans-Sumatran Highway, and is in the route of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road - which opened its Menggala exit in June 2019.[15][16]

Important agricultural commodities include palm oil, natural rubber, cassava, coffee, pepper and sugarcane. Menggala is home to sugar refineries[17] and a rubber processing plant established in 2013 with a capacity of 72,000 tons annually.[18]

PLN is largely present and serves 92.3% of the households, with 14 non-electrified households. A single public regional hospital (RSUD) is also present. Throughout the subdistrict, there are 8 high schools, 11 middle schools and 22 elementary schools.[2]

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See also
  • Subdistricts of Lampung
  • Invasion of Sumatra (1942)

References
  1. "Kota Tua Menggala" (in Indonesian). NewsLampungTerkini. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  2. "Menggala Subdistrict in Numbers 2017" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  3. "Climate: Menggala". climate-data.org.
  4. Sari, Dian Apita. "Menggala, Tiuh Tohow Bergaya Retro" (in Indonesian). Malahayati University. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  5. Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317279044.
  6. Setiawan, Irvan (4 November 2016). "Tinggalan Sejarah di Tulang Bawang" (in Indonesian). Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  7. Pires, Tomé; Rodrigues, Francisco (1944). The Suma oriental of Tomé Pires : an account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515 ; and, the book of Francisco Rodrigues, rutter of a voyage in the Red Sea, nautical rules, almanack and maps, written and drawn in the East before 1515. London : The Hakluyt Society. p. 157.
  8. Cribb, R. B.; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780810849358.
  9. Marsden, William (2012). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs, and Manners of the Native Inhabitants. Cambridge University Press. p. 295. ISBN 9781108050487.
  10. Dick, Howard W. (2002). The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824825522.
  11. Fernando, M. R.; Bulbeck, David (1992). Chinese Economic Activity in Netherlands India: Selected Translations from the Dutch. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813016217.
  12. Departemen Transmigrasi Indonesia; Centre national de la recherche scientifique (1993). Migrations spontanées en Indonésie. IRD Editions. ISBN 9782709911467.
  13. A manual of Netherlands India (Dutch East Indies). London, H. M. Stationery Off., printed by Frederick Hall at the University Press, Oxford. 1920. p. 164.
  14. "The Japanese Invasion of Sumatra Island". Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  15. "TERBANGGI BESAR – PEMATANG PANGGANG – TOLL ROAD, PART OF THE 8 TRANS SUMATERA". Committee for Acceleration of Priority Infrastructure Delivery. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  16. Aron, Hans Henricus BS (1 June 2019). "Perlancar Arus Mudik di Tol Trans Sumatera, GT Menggala Dibuka". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  17. Kusworo, Ahmad (2014). Pursuing Livelihoods, Imagining Development: Smallholders in Highland Lampung, Indonesia. ANU E Press. ISBN 9781925021486.
  18. Zulkarnain, Endra (27 June 2013). "Pabrik Karet PT Menggala Berseri Diresmikan". TribunLampung (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 October 2017.
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