Mark 4 nuclear bomb

The Mark 4 nuclear bomb was an American implosion-type nuclear bomb based on the earlier Mark 3 Fat Man design, used in the Trinity test and the bombing of Nagasaki. With the Mark 3 needing each individual component to be hand-assembled by only highly trained technicians under closely controlled conditions the purpose of the Mark 4 was to produce an atomic weapon as a practical piece of ordnance. The Mark 4 Mod 0 entered the stockpile starting March 19, 1949[2] and was in use until 1953.

Mark 4 nuclear bomb
A Mark 4N riveted aluminum bomb casing. Stockpile Mk 4s used a 2,830 lb. steel casing.[1]
TypeAir-dropped Nuclear fission weapon
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1949 - 1953
Used byUnited States Air Force (USAF)
Production history
No. builtAbout 550
Specifications
Mass10,800 to 10,900 pounds (4,900 to 4,940 kg)
Length128 in (3,300 mm)
Diameter60 in (1,500 mm)
Crew1x Weaponeer for pit insertion and arming
FillingComposite uranium and plutonium fissile pits
Detonation
mechanism
focused high explosive implosion
Blast yield1, 3.5, 8, 14, 21, 22, 31 kt (4.2, 14.6, 33.5, 58.6, 87.9, 92.0, 129.7 TJ), depending on construction and/or pit

Design

The Mark 4 utilized a near-identical nuclear explosive package to the 1516 assembly of the Mark 3 Fat Man but the newly-formed Z Division of Los Alamos focused on re-engineering the electronics and conventional explosives packages to be more modular for easier assembly in the field. The priority objectives of the Mark 4 bomb program were to have the ability to monitor the weapon battery and electrical systems while being carried within the bomb bay of an aircraft to target.[3] Many things slowed and delayed the design and production of the Mark 4, the first of which is the formation and physical placement of Z Division facilities. The early days of Z Division highlighted the lack of infrastructure and logistics of the nuclear weapon enterprise when production of weapon components had to slow due to lack of basic electrical supplies like soldering resin and hook-up wire.[4] Personnel from Z Division were also used to assist with the Mark 3 tests in Operation Crossroads in 1946[5] and again for weapons testing at Eniwetok for Operation Sandstone in 1948.[5] Though, between tests following a request from Congress on a report on the status of nuclear ordnance, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory was able to report positive accomplishments such as developing a 'cartridge-type' assembly to house fuzing components and the decision to implement the 'Archie' radar. Along with other developments for the radar, the main component of the system was the APS/13 Tail Warning device which eventually became the 'Archie'.[6] This radar device would close a relay at a predetermined altitude, using four units in each fuze, requiring at least two to fire, allowing a firing signal to proceed.[6] Despite the delays of the early weapons tests, development and stockpile production of the weapon were solidified and streamlined with the rising tensions in Berlin.[7]

The Mark 4 was 60 inches (1.5 m) in diameter and 128 inches (3.3 m) long, the same basic dimensions as Mark 3. It weighed slightly more at 10,800 to 10,900 pounds (4,900 to 4,940 kg), depending on the specific Mark 4 version. (Mark 3 weighed 10,300 lb or 4,670 kg.)

In addition to being easier to manufacture, the Mark 4 introduced the concept of in-flight insertion (IFI), a weapons safety concept which was used for a number of years. An IFI bomb has either manual or mechanical assembly, which keeps the nuclear core stored outside the bomb until close to the point that it may be dropped. Arming the Mark 4 required opening the casing's front hatch, removing the forward polar cap, two outer pentagonal lenses with their detonators, and two inner explosive blocks, exposing the pit (the lenses and blocks weighed an aggregate 156 kilograms). The pit's aluminum pusher had a removable 12 centimeter diameter, 1 kilogram trap door, and its uranium tamper had a removable 12 centimeter diameter, 3 kilogram trap door. The weaponeer could then insert or remove the core with the use of a special vacuum tool.[8]

Mark 4 models used composite uranium and plutonium fissile pits. The exact pit assemblies were common with several other U.S. nuclear weapons, the Type C and Type D pit assemblies.

Along with being composite cores, the device was the first weapon to rely upon levitated-pit implosion. These early weapons with a levitated pit had a removable pit, called an open-pit. It was stored separately, in a special capsule called a birdcage.[9] Various versions of the Mark 4 had explosive yields of 1, 3.5, 8, 14, 21, 22, and 31 kilotons (4 to 130 TJ).

Operational history

About 550 Mark 4 nuclear weapons were produced. The Mark 4 was succeeded by the Mk6, which was generally similar but much improved.

W4 missile warhead

A variant called the W4 (Warhead 4), intended for use on the SM-62 Snark cruise missile, was designed but never built. The W4 design was canceled in 1951.

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gollark: Also also, `def __str__(self): pass` doesn't seem to do anything either.
gollark: Also, this function seems to have no valid reason to exist.
gollark: > def indIncreaseCounter(tickInstance):Python convention is to use `snake_case`, not `camelCase`.
gollark: Just looking at this file here: https://github.com/mHappah3019/Tick-Counter/blob/main/TickClass.py> # creates an attribute called identifier and assigns to it> # the value of the "identifier" parameter> # creates an attribute called macro and assigns to it the> # value of the "macro" parameterThese comments are not useful. It is generally assumed that whoever is reading your code is aware of the basics of how the language is used, so your comments should instead describe higher-level stuff like *why* it's doing what it does, what an entire function does, unusual things it might be doing, etc.

See also

Notes
  1. (Hansen 2007, p. 179-180)
  2. (Sandia Corporation 1967, p. 8)
  3. (Sandia Corporation 1967, p. 12)
  4. (Sandia Corporation 1967, p. 16)
  5. (United States Department of Energy 2015, p. 2)
  6. (Hawkins 1961, p. 225)
  7. (Sandia Corporation 1967, p. 20)
  8. Goetz, Peter. "A Technical History of America's Nuclear Arms Volume 1," 2020 ISBN 9781719831963

References
  • Hansen, Chuck (2007) [1995]. Swords of Armaggedon:Volume V. Sunnyvale, CA: Chukelea Productions. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-9791915-5-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sandia Corporation (1967). The History of the Mk4 Bomb. Sandia National Laboratory. Retrieved November 11, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • United States Department of Energy (2015). United States Nuclear Tests July 1945 through September 1992 (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy; National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office. Retrieved November 13, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hawkins, David; Truslow, Edith; Smith, Ralph (1961). Manhattan District History Project Y: The Los Alamos Project (PDF). Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California. Retrieved November 13, 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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