Marisa cornuarietis

Marisa cornuarietis, common name the Colombian ramshorn apple snail, is a species of large freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Ampullariidae, the apple snail family.

Marisa cornuarietis
Drawing of a live individual of Marisa cornuarietis: the visible soft parts are covered in dark spots. The edge of the round operculum is visible under the shell.

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Caenogastropoda
informal group Architaenioglossa
Superfamily:
Ampullarioidea
Family:
Ampullariidae
Genus:
Marisa
Species:
M. cornuarietis
Binomial name
Marisa cornuarietis
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms

Marisa chiquitensis

These snails are popular in aquariums, and are also used in the wild as a biological control agent.

Distribution

Indigenous distribution

It is widespread in northern South America, although the type locality is unknown.[2] The giant ramshorn snail is native to northern South America and Central America, including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela.[1]

Non-indigenous distribution

Non-indigenous distribution of Marisa cornuarietis include:

  • Marisa cornuarietis was first discovered in the US in Coral Gables, Florida, in 1957.[2] It has spread to many other counties in southern Florida.[2] It was first found in Texas in 1983[2] and has also been reported in California and Idaho.[2] This species has been introduced and has established itself in Florida, in the southeastern United States. Established populations of this snail now exist in Broward, Dade, Monroe, and Palm Beach counties.[3] The initial introductions were probably from aquarium release, aka "aquarium dumping".[3]
  • Cuba[4]

It is considered as about the 74th the worst alien species in Europe.[5]

A shell of Marisa cornuarietis.

Description
A live Marisa cornuarietis. This photo shows a left side of the snail and umbilical view of the shell.
A shell of Marisa cornuarietis

Although Marisa snails superficially resemble the great ramshorn snail because of the planispiral coiling of their shells, they are not at all closely related to true ramshorn snails in the family Planorbidae.

This is an easily recognizable species: the shell is flat-coiled (planispiral).[3] The shell color varies from pale to darker red or brown or more vivid shades of those colors, and is fairly often striped.[3]

The shell diameter is usually 35–50 mm (2 in) or even larger.[3]

Ecology

This species has gills as well as a lung, to ensure efficient underwater respiration even in condition of low levels of dissolved oxygen.[3]

Habitat

This snail prefers still or slow-moving fresh water, depending on the availability of aquatic vegetation as a food source.[3]

Feeding habits

This species eats aquatic plants, algae, dead fish and snails.

Easily adaptable to captivity, this snail may invade and damage aquarium vegetation.[3] It is practically omnivorous, and feeds on animal and vegetal detritus.[3] This snail acts as a useful aquarium scavenger when it is not excessively numerous.[3]

Studies revealed that this species retards the growth of water hyacinths by feeding on the roots of the plants.[3] It has been suggested that the snail be used as weed-control agent in the canals of south Florida.[3]

Life cycle

A non-hermaphrodite, it lays eggs in characteristic disk-shape clutches, adhering to various substrates. Unlike some other apple snails, this snail lays its eggs below the waterline.[2]

Human use

In the aquarium

It is a part of ornamental pet trade for freshwater aquaria.[6]

Marisa cornuarietis is one of about 120 species belonging to the family Ampullariidae, also known as the apple snail family (and sometimes called Pilidae). These apple snails are commonly sold in pet stores under the misleading names "giant ramshorn snail" and "Colombian ramshorn snail". Oftentimes "Columbian" is used, which is a mistake, as this implies the animal was named after Christopher Columbus, which it was not. This species is native to Colombia.

Marisa cornuarietis is usually purchased intentionally from pet stores, whereas true ramshorn snails (family Planorbidae) are very often considered to be aquarium pests, acquired accidentally, clinging to leaves of aquatic plants.

These apple snails grow to be much larger than the true ramshorn snails, and they consume large amounts of plant matter. This means they are not suitable for an aquarium where plant growth is being encouraged.

As a biological control agent

Marisa cornuarietis is used as a biological control to reduce the number of Biomphalaria snails, which are intermediate hosts to the disease Schistosomiasis. Schistosoma larvae (cercariae), namely of Schistosoma haematobium, enter and develop inside the Biomphlaria, to form miracidium, which can penetrate through skin to enter the human body. Marisa cornuarietis compete with the Biomphalaria vectors for food. They also eat the eggs of Biomphalaria, thereby effectively reducing the chances of Schistosomia being spread.

The potential ecological impacts of this species in North America were reviewed by Howells et al. in 2006.[7]

The snail has been released in some areas in an attempt to control the invasive aquatic plant genus Hydrilla.[3]

gollark: It may be possible to mathematically describe sadness, but we don't have good enough mathematical modems of the brain yet and it would be very complex anyway.
gollark: I can't really mathematically describe "love" or "bees" but that doesn't mean they're some amazing complex insight.
gollark: Okay. I don't care.
gollark: "Sadness" is some complex state or collection of states or something which the brain gets in, generally because of a bad thing of some sort.
gollark: Or in my case complex "solid state farming" machines which grow trees in magic boxes.

References

This article incorporates a public domain text from the reference [3] and CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference.[2]

  1. Pastorino, G. & Darrigan, G. (2011). "Marisa cornuarietis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T189507A8741248. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T189507A8741248.en.
  2. Rawlings, T. A.; Hayes, K. A.; Cowie, R. H.; Collins, T. M. (2007). "The identity, distribution, and impacts of non-native apple snails in the continental United States". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 97. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-97. PMC 1919357. PMID 17594487.
  3. United States Geological Survey. (2008). Marisa cornuarietis. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL. Revision Date: 2/6/2008
  4. Vázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". Tropical Conservation Science 3(2): 190-199. HTM, PDF.
  5. Nentwig, Wolfgang; Bacher, Sven; Kumschick, Sabrina; Pyšek, Petr; Vilà, Montserrat (2017-12-18). "More than "100 worst" alien species in Europe". Biological Invasions. 20 (6): 1611–1621. doi:10.1007/s10530-017-1651-6. ISSN 1387-3547.
  6. Ng, T. H.; Tan, S. K.; Wong, W. H.; Meier, R.; Chan, S. Y.; Tan, H. H.; Yeo, D. C. (2016). "Molluscs for sale: assessment of freshwater gastropods and bivalves in the ornamental pet trade". PLoS ONE. 11 (8): e0161130. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161130. PMC 4985174. PMID 27525660.
  7. Howells, R.G.; Burlakova, L.E.; Karatayev, A.Y.; Marfurt, R.K.; Burks, R.L. (2006). "Native and introduced Ampullariidae in North America: History, status, and ecology". Global Advances in the Ecology and Management of Golden Apple Snails (Joshi R. C., Sebastian L. S., Muñoz N. E., eds.). Philippine Rice Research Institute. pp. 73–112. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.498.2879.

Further reading
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