Maria Tymoczko

Maria Fleming Tymoczko (born 1943)[1] is a scholar of comparative literature who has written about translation, medieval Celtic literature, and modern Irish literature including the works of James Joyce. She is a professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and the former president of the Celtic Studies Association of North America.[2] She is known for her calls for a more international and multicultural perspective on translation.[3][4][5]

Education and career

Tymoczko is of Slovak descent through her grandmother, and grew up speaking English, Slovak, and (from neighbors) Italian. She lived in her grandmother's house in Cleveland, Ohio at a time and place where "it was assumed that most people spoke at least two languages", and has stated that this upbringing strongly influenced her view of translation.[6]

She earned a bachelor's degree at Radcliffe College in 1965, majoring in Romance languages with a minor in biochemistry. After a year as a Fulbright Scholar at Aix-Marseille University, she returned to Harvard University for graduate study, earning a master's degree in 1968 and completing her Ph.D. in Celtic and Romance languages and literatures in 1973. Her dissertation, The Personal Names in the Ulster Sagas: A Tool for Understanding the Development of the Cycle, was supervised by John V. Kelleher.[2]

After postdoctoral research at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, she became an assistant professor of Irish studies for the Five College Consortium in 1974, and in 1977 moved to the comparative literature department of the University of Massachusetts Amherst, one of the Five Colleges.[2]

Books

Tymoczko's first book, The Irish "Ulysses" (University of California Press, 1994)[7] was co-winner of the 1995 Book Award for Literary and Cultural Criticism from the American Conference for Irish Studies.[2] The book argues that in Ulysses, James Joyce was seeking to create an Irish literature, and teases out many parallel passages from Ulysses to the Irish literary tradition that, according to Tymoczko, were deliberate references by Joyce.[7] Bien (1995) calls some of the comparisons stretched and suggests that many readers will not be convinced, but still calls it "a book that every Joycean must read". And although Harmon (1998) criticizes her style of reasoning, "from like to like", as being weak without a comparison of how many other things are also like, he nevertheless says that she "establishes [it] beyond any quibble". Tracy (1995) supports her thesis as unsurprising, pointing to Joyce's later use of Irish texts in Finnegans Wake.

Her next book forms a bridge between this early work on Irish literature and her later work on translation as a general topic. Translation in a Postcolonial Context (St. Jerome Publishing, 1999)[8] was winner of the Michael J. Durkan Prize of the American Conference for Irish Studies for best book in Irish language and cultural studies.[2] It studies multiple 19th- and 20th-century translations of old Irish literature, particularly concentrating on the Táin Bó Cúailnge, and the ways in which these translations were colored by the context of the colonization and decolonization of Ireland.[8] It also expresses a clear preference for literary translation over scholarly translation, as would later be exemplified by Seamus Heaney's translation of Beowulf.[9]

It is in her third book, Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators (St. Jerome Publishing, 2007),[10] that Tymocko clearly articulates her call for a new view of translation bringing greater diversity into its theory and practice. She argues that the view of translation as faithfully transmitting the original meaning of a text is only one way of looking at translation, stemming from its origin in the translation of the bible. Instead, following Gideon Toury, she argues that any text viewed within its culture as being a translation should be considered as one, that there are many types of translation, that the boundaries of what makes a translation are fuzzy and dynamic, and that viewing translation in this way can help bring a diverse and international viewpoint to the subject.[11]

Tymoczko is also the editor of:

  • Born into a World at War (with Nancy Blackmun, 2000; 2nd ed., University of Massachusetts Press, 2015)[2]
  • Translation and Power (with Edwin Gentzler, 2002)[12]
  • Language and Tradition in Ireland (with Colin Ireland, 2003)[13]
  • Translation, Resistance, Activism (University of Massachusetts Press, 2010)[14]
  • Translators Writing, Writing Translators (with Françoise Massardier-Kenney and Brian James Baer, Kent State University Press, 2016)[2]

Personal life

Tymoczko was married for many years to philosopher Thomas Tymoczko (1943–1996) of Smith College. They had three children, including music composer and theorist Dmitri Tymoczko and Smith College mathematics professor Julianna Tymoczko.[15]

gollark: Curses! My andrewometer was VERY BAD!
gollark: ++delete CØBOL
gollark: *Eventually*, it'll probably be replaced by something else, and ancient JS systems will need maintenence.
gollark: I mean, not much demand compared to modern languages, but it's a niche.
gollark: Yes, exactly.

References
  1. Birth year from German National Library catalog entry, retrieved 2019-11-03
  2. Curriculum vitae (PDF), 2019, retrieved 2019-11-03
  3. Kamenická, Renata (2012), "Zooming in on what Tymoczko has enlarged: English-to-Czech literary translation and the holistic approach to translation culture", in Gromová, Edita; Kusá, Mária (eds.), Preklad a kultúra 4, Nitra: Univerzita Konštantína Filozofa v Nitre, Filozofická fakulta, pp. 171–183, ISBN 978-80-558-0143-8
  4. Marais, Kobus (September 2011), "Can Tymoczko be translated into Africa? Refractions of research methodology in translation studies in African contexts", Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 29 (3): 373–380, doi:10.2989/16073614.2011.647505
  5. Yang, Wendi (September 2014), "Enlarging translation and enlightening the field: an interview with professor Maria Tymoczko", Asia Pacific Translation and Intercultural Studies, 1 (3): 222–230, doi:10.1080/23306343.2014.975440
  6. See Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators, p. 3.
  7. Reviews of The Irish "Ulysses":
    • Bien, Peter (January 1995), "Joyce & Irish literature", English Literature in Transition, 1880–1920, 38 (4): 550–553, ProQuest 1308653338
    • Tracy, Robert (March 1995), "Joyce and Old Irish in Ulysses", Irish Literary Supplement, 14 (1)
    • Gibson, Andrew (1998), "Review", James Joyce Broadsheet
    • Harmon, William (Fall 1998), "Yawn: Joyce in the Nineties", The Sewanee Review, 106 (4): 656–668, JSTOR 27548603
  8. Reviews of Translation in a Postcolonial Context:
    • St-Pierre, Paul (2000), TTR : Traduction, terminologie, rédaction, 13 (2): 255, doi:10.7202/037421arCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Moura, J.-M. (October 2000), "Comptes rendus", Revue de littérature comparée, 74 (4): 565, ProQuest 1293181448
    • von Flotow, Louise (March 2001), "The Systemic Approach, Postcolonial Studies, and Translation Studies: A review article of new work by Hermans and Tymoczko", CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, 3 (1), doi:10.7771/1481-4374.1107
    • Forum for Modern Language Studies, 37 (3): 358, July 2001, doi:10.1093/fmls/37.3.358-bCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Cronin, Michael (December 2001), Target: International Journal of Translation Studies, 13 (2): 351–354, doi:10.1075/target.13.2.14croCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • O'Donoghue, Bernard (Spring 2002), Translation and Literature, 11 (1): 142–144, doi:10.3366/tal.2002.11.1.142, JSTOR 40339915CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Zhang, Derang; Hu, Tingting (2006), "The Metonymy of Translation as Rewriting", Journal of Anhui Normal University (Hum. & Soc. Sci.), 2006 (2)
  9. O'Donoghue (2002).
  10. Reviews of Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators:
    • da Silva, Gisele Dionísio (February 2008), Cadernos de Tradução, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2 (22), doi:10.5007/2175-7968.2008v2n22p252CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Cronin, Michael (2011), TTR : Traduction, terminologie, rédaction, 24 (2): 252, doi:10.7202/1013407arCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Gendron-Pontbriand, Eve-Marie (2013), Meta: Journal des traducteurs, 58 (1): 247, doi:10.7202/1023819arCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  11. Gendron-Pontbriand (2013).
  12. Reviews of Translation and Power:
    • Clifford, Andrew (2004), TTR : Traduction, terminologie, rédaction, 17 (2): 191, doi:10.7202/013279arCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Singh, Rajendra (December 2004), Babel, 50 (4): 375–381, doi:10.1075/babel.50.4.11sinCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Bisbee, Dana (2007), "Review", Cadernos de Tradução, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 1 (19)
  13. Review of Language and Tradition in Ireland:
    • Siadhail, P. O. (2004), Irish Studies Review, 12: 377CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
    • Fierobe, Claude (2005), "Review", Études irlandaises, 30 (1): 220–221
  14. Review of Translation, Resistance, Activism:
    • Bradford, Lisa Rose (November 2013), Translation and Interpreting Studies, 8 (2): 293–299, doi:10.1075/tis.8.2.09braCS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  15. For her children, see The Irish "Ulysses", page xi. For the connection to Thomas Tymoczko see Enlarging Translation, Empowering Translators, page 11.

Further reading
  • Lange, Anne; McIlfatrick-Ksenofontov, Miriam Anne (2012), "Maria Tymoczko angažeeritud tõlketeadus", Methis: Studia Humaniora Estonica (in Estonian), 7 (9–10): 190–197, doi:10.7592/methis.v7i9/10.576
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