Malkauns

Malkauns is a raga in Indian classical music. It is one of the oldest ragas of Indian classical music.[1] The equivalent raga in Carnatic music is called Hindolam, not to be confused with the Hindustani Hindol.

For the psychedelic rock band, see Malkauns (band).
Malkauns
ThaatBhairavi
TypeAudava
Time of dayLate night, 12–3
Arohana.ni. Sa ga Ma dha ni *Sa*
Avarohana
  • Sa ni dha Ma ga Ma ga Sa
  • Sa ni dha Ma ga Sa
Synonym
  • Malkosh
  • Malkaush
EquivalentHindolam
Hindustani classical music
Concepts
Instruments
Melody
Rhythm
Drone
Genres
Classical
Semiclassical
Thaats
Part of a series on
Hindu scriptures and texts
Related Hindu texts

Etymology

The name Malkaush is derived from the combination of Mal and Kaushik, which means he who wears serpents like garlands — the god Shiva. However, the Malav-Kaushik mentioned in classical texts does not appear to be the same as the Malkauns performed today.[2] The raga is believed to have been created by goddess Parvati (the wife of Shiva) to calm Shiva, when the lord Shiva was outraged and was not calming down after Tandav in rage of Sati's sacrifice.

Malkaush belongs to Shaivait musical school; in fact most pentatonic ragas belong to Shaivait musical school.[1]

His mace running with blood, garlanded with skulls of heroes, Malkaush surrounded by braves and bravest of the brave!

Shiv ttva ratnakara, 6, 8, 67[1]

Arohana and Avarohana

Malkauns belongs to the Bhairavi thaat. Its notes are Sa, komal Ga, shuddh Ma, komal Dha, and komal Ni. In Western classical notation, its notes can be denoted as: tonic, minor third, perfect fourth, minor sixth and minor seventh. In raga Malkauns, Rishabh (Re - second) and Pancham (Pa - perfect fifth) are completely omitted. Its jaati is audav-audav (five-five, that is, pentatonic).

Arohana : .ni. Sa ga Ma dha ni *Sa*

Avarohana : *Sa* ni dha Ma ga Ma ga Sa OR *Sa* ni dha Ma ga Sa

The 'Ga' used is actually Ga-Sadharan (the rough minor third), 316 cent above Sa[3]

Vadi and Samavadi

The vadi swara is Madhyam (Ma) while the Samavadi swara is Shadaj (Sa).

Pakad or Chalan

Pakad : ga ma dha ma ga ma ga sa

Other Characteristics
A Ragamala series painting based on Malkauns Raga, c. 1735

Malkauns is a serious, meditative raga, and is developed mostly in the lower octave (mandra saptak) and in a slow tempo (vilambit laya). Ornaments such as meend, gamak and andolan are used rather than 'lighter' ornaments such as murki and khatka. Komal Ni is generally considered the starting note (graha swara), and the notes komal Ga and komal Dha are performed with vibrato (andolit). All five swaras can function as pausing notes.

The komal Ni in Malkauns is different from the komal Ni in Bhimpalasi.

The best time for this raga is late night. The effect of the raga is soothing and intoxicating.

Some related ragas are Chandrakauns, Nandkauns, Sampoorna Malkauns, Pancham Malkauns, Kausi Kanada, Madhukauns, Jogkauns and Tulsikauns.

Film Songs

'Man Tarpat Hari Darshan Ko Aaj' (film Baiju Bawra, performed by Mohammad Rafi), 'Aadha Hai Chandrama Raat Aadhi' (film Navrang, performed by Mahendra Kapoor and Asha Bhosle), 'Chham Chham Ghunghroo Bole' (film Kaajal, performed by Asha Bhosle), 'Ankhiyan Sang Ankhiyaan Laagi Aaj' (film Bada Aadmi), 'Balma Maane Na' (film Opera House) and 'Rang raliyaan karat sautan sang' (film Birbal My Brother), 'Gori tera gaon bada pyara' (film Chitchor, performed by K.J. Yesudas), 'Ek Ladki Thi' (film Love You Hamesha, performed by Kavita Krishnamurthy), 'Chalo Tumko Lekar Chale' (film Jism, performed by Shreya Ghoshal), are a few Hindi film compositions based on Malkauns. 'Rajasekhara' in the film 'Anarkali' in Tamil and Telugu is a composition based on this in South India. "Ohm Namashivaya" and "Margazhi Poove" songs in Tamil by Illayaraja and AR Rahman from Salangai Oli and May Madham respectively,""Neenu Neene" song from the movie Gadibidi Ganda, "Ra Ra" song in the movie Apthamitra in Kannada are also the best examples.

Language:Tamil
Song Movie Composer Singer
Azhaikathey Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam P. Adinarayana Rao P. Suseela
Kangalum Kavi Paadudhe Adutha Veettu Penn Sirkazhi Govindarajan, Thiruchi Loganathan
Ennai Vittu Odipoga Mudiyumaa Kumudham K. V. Mahadevan Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Suseela
Maamaa Maamaa Maamaa T. M. Soundararajan, K. Jamuna Rani
Maname Muruganin Motor Sundaram Pillai M. S. Viswanathan Soolamangalam Jayalakshmi
Malaro Nilavo Raga Bandhangal Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan P. Jayachandran
Om Namashivaya Salangai Oli Illayaraja S. Janaki
Sri Devi En Vazhvil Ilamai Kolam K.J. Yesudas
Darisanam Kidaikatha Alaigal Oivathillai Illayaraja, S. Janaki
Ragavane Ramana Ilamai Kaalangal P Susheela
Unnal Mudiyum Thambi Unnal Mudiyum Thambi S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Kanna Unai Thedugiren Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Naan Thedum Sevanthi Dharma Pathini Illayaraja, S. Janaki
Thendral Thaan Keladi Kanmani K.J. Yesudas, K.S. Chitra
Hey Raja Jallikattu (1987 film) S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Mano
Ooradungum Saamathile Pudhupatti Ponnuthaayi Uma Ramanan, Swarnalatha
En Veettu Jannal Raman Abdullah Arunmozhi, Bhavatharini
Oh Janani Pudhiya Raagam Mano
Nilave Nee Vara Vendum Ennarukil Nee Irunthal Illayaraja
Marghazhi Poove May Maadham A. R. Rahman Shobha Shankar
Yakkai Thiri Aaytha Ezhuthu A.R.Rahman, Pop Shalini, Tanvi Shah, Sunitha Sarathy
Magudi Magudi Kadal Aryan Dinesh, Chinmayee, Tanvi Shah
Innisai Alapadaiye Varalaru Naresh Iyer, Mahathi
Athikalai Katre Nillu Thalaivasal Bala Bharathi S. Janaki & Chorus
Sirumalli Poove Jallikattu Kaalai Deva Mano, K.S. Chitra
Un Marbile Vizhi Moodi Ninaithen Vandhai K.S. Chitra
Paadavandha Poonguyile Oyilattam S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Sangeetha Vanil Chinna Poove Mella Pesu S. A. Rajkumar S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Vani Jairam
Ithazhodu Ithal Serum Mannukkul Vairam Devendran S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
Thendraliley Mithanthu Puthiya Thendral S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K.S. Chitra
Chinna Chinna Megam Devaraagam M. M. Keeravani S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha Mohan
Santhanam Theychachi Manikkam Karthik Raja Bhavatharini
Kavithaikal Sollava Ullam Kollai Poguthae S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Sujatha, Hariharan(Sad Version)
Kavidhai Iravu Sullan Vidyasagar Karthik, K.S. Chitra
Sollathan Ninaikiren Kadhal Sugamanathu Shiva Sankar S. P. Balasubrahmanyam(sad version), K.S. Chitra

Important Recordings

Mekaal Hasan Band's Maalkauns from the album Andholan is also based on this.

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References
  1. Daniélou, Alain (1968). The Rāgas of northern Indian music. Barrie and Rockliff, London. pp. 324–324. ISBN 0-214-15689-3.
  2. Bagchee, Sandeep (1998). Nād: Understanding Rāga Music. BPI (India) PVT Ltd. p. 300. ISBN 81-86982-07-8.
  3. Gosvami(1957) p. 236 f.

Literature
  • Gosvami, O. (1957), The Story Of Indian Music, Bombay: Asia Publishing House
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