Malkara (missile)

The Malkara (from an Aboriginal word for "shield") was one of the earliest guided anti-tank missiles (ATGMs). It was jointly developed by Australia and the United Kingdom between 1951 and 1954, and was in service from 1958 until gradually replaced by the Vickers Vigilant missile in the late 1960s. It was intended to be light enough to deploy with airborne forces, yet powerful enough to knock out any tank then in service. The basic form was later adapted for the short-range surface-to-air role as the Seacat and influenced the development of the Ikara.

Malkara
Malkara on display at the Tank Museum, Bovington.
Type	Anti-tank guided missile
Place of origin	Australia, United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1958 to 1960s
Used by	United Kingdom
Production history
Designer	Royal Aircraft Establishment/Aeronautical Research Laboratory
Designed	1954
Manufacturer	Government Aircraft Factories/Fairey Engineering Ltd
Produced	1958-1964
No. built	1,000
Variants	none
Specifications
Mass	93.5 kg (206 lb)
Length	1.9 m (6 ft 3 in)
Diameter	203 mm (8.0 in)
Warhead	26 kg (57 lb) HESH
Detonation mechanism	impact
Engine	solid rocket
Wingspan	80 cm (2 ft 7 in)
Operational range	4,000 metres (2.5 mi)
Flight ceiling	n/a
Guidance system	wire guided line of sight
Steering system	control surfaces
Launch platform	Vehicle

Development and operations

Design was principally undertaken at the Australian Government Aeronautical Research Laboratory, and this phase was also one of the first examples of computer simulation in engineering design. Development testing was carried out at Woomera Prohibited Area, and approval testing at the tank training range at Lulworth Cove, Dorset. Although testing at Dorset apparently achieved an impressive 90% P_kill, in service the missiles were not considered a great success, due to three principal failures:

• They were considered too heavy. As they were too heavy for manpacking, they could only be operated from their specialist vehicles, reducing flexibility; and
• Accuracy achieved in practice was poor. This may have been because the awkward control system required a lot of practice. Malkara had a training simulator integrated with the launch interface equipment. In their memoirs, some operators state that they only fired one missile in their careers.
• Finally, their speed was low, with almost 30 secs to the maximum range

Malkara-equipped Humber Hornet vehicle

However, lessons learned from the Malkara project led to improvements in later programs. In addition, the basic airframe and expertise were directly used in the development of the Ikara anti-submarine missile and the Sea Cat surface-to-air missile.

Malkara was unusual amongst anti-tank missiles in that it had a High-explosive squash head (HESH), also known as High Explosive Plastic (HEP), warhead instead of the more usual shaped charge HEAT (High Explosive Anti Tank) warhead. The United Kingdom always showed interest for HESH, the main explosive-based anti-tank ammunition in British use including tanks like the Centurion. A 26/27 kg anti-tank warhead was well above the average, but Malkara had a calibre of 203 mm (8.0 in).

Operators

 United Kingdom

• British Army

Specifications

• Length: 1.9 m (6.2 ft)
• Diameter: 200 mm (7.9 in)
• Wingspan: 800 mm (2.6 ft)
• Range: 4,000 m (4,400 yd)
• Propulsion: Dual thrust solid rocket
• Speed: 146.19 m/s (327 mph) - low-subsonic, 28 sec to 4 km max range
• Overall weight: 93.5 kg (206 lb)
• Warhead: 26 kg (57 lb) HESH
• Guidance: Wire guided MCLOS, using a thumb joystick and visual observation of two flares on the wings.
• Number built: 1,000

See also

• Humber Hornet
• Ruhrstahl X-4

References

Sources

• War Machine encyclopedia, Aerospace Publishing Ltd., pag. 253 (in Italian version printed by De Agostini, 1984).
• Rockets and Missiles - John W. R. Taylor - Hippo Books No 8 - Hamlyn, 1971 - ISBN 0-600-37528-5