Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

A mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera (MILC), frequently simply mirrorless camera, also called DSLM (digital single lens mirrorless), and sometimes also called EVIL (electronic viewfinder, interchangeable lens) features a single, removable lens and uses a digital display system rather than an optical viewfinder. The word "mirrorless" indicates that the camera does not have a reflex mirror or optical viewfinder like a conventional digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR), but an electronic viewfinder which displays what the camera image sensor sees.[1]

"EVIL" redirects here. For other uses, see Evil (disambiguation).

Olympus OM-D E-M1 (Mark I)
Nikon Z 7, a full-frame MILC introduced in 2018

Many mirrorless cameras retain a mechanical shutter. Like a DSLR, an interchangeable-lens mirrorless camera accepts any of a series of interchangeable lenses compatible with the lens mount of that camera. A mirrorless interchangeable lens camera is an alternative to the digital single-lens reflex camera (DSLR).

Overview

Compared to DSLR cameras, mirrorless cameras are mechanically simpler and are typically smaller, lighter, and quieter due to the elimination of the moving mirror. While nearly all mirrorless cameras still have a mechanical shutter, many also have an electronic shutter, allowing completely silent operation.[2] Additionally, the lack of a moving mirror reduces vibration that can result in blurred images from camera shake.

Until the mid 2010s mirrorless cameras were somewhat challenged to provide an electronic viewfinder with the clarity and low-lag responsiveness of the optical viewfinders used on DSLRs, especially under strong sunlight or when photographing the sky at night.[3] The fact that the image from the lens is always projected onto the image sensor allows for features that are only available in DSLRs when their mirror is locked up into "live view" mode. This includes the ability to show a focus-peaking[4] display, zebra patterning, and face or eye tracking.[5] Moreover, the electronic viewfinder can provide live depth of field preview, can show a poorly-illuminated subject how it would look with correct exposure in real time,[6] and makes it easier to view the results of an exposure in bright sunlight.

With the latest phase-detect autofocus available on some mirrorless cameras, the autofocus speed and accuracy of some models has been shown to be as good as DSLRs. But compared with DSLRs, mirrorless cameras have shorter battery life (due to prolonged use of LCD and/or OLED displays, necessary for the viewfinder) and often smaller buffers (to save battery).[7] On-sensor autofocus is free of the adjustment requirements of the indirect focusing system of the DSLR (which relies on a separate autofocus sensor located below the reflex mirror), and the latest mirrorless cameras can shoot with phase-detect autofocus at up to 20 frames per second using up to 693 focus points—a number far exceeding what is available on any DSLR.[8] However, on-sensor phase detection autofocus (except for Canon's Dual Pixel Autofocus) repurposes pixel sites for autofocus acquisition, meaning image data is partially or entirely missing for the autofocus "pixels". This can result in banding artefacts in the final image.[9]

History

In 2013, mirrorless system cameras constituted about five percent of total camera shipments.[10] In 2015, they accounted for 26 percent of system camera sales outside of the Americas, and 16 percent within the United States.[11]

2004–2006. The first digital rangefinder camera commercially marketed was the Epson R-D1 (released in 2004), followed by the Leica M8. They were some of the first digital lens-interchangeable cameras without a reflex mirror, but they are not mirrorless cameras because they did not use a digital display system for live preview. Compact cameras with large sensors, technically akin to the current mirrorless cameras, were also marketed in this period. Cameras like Sony Cyber-shot DSC-R1 and Sigma DP1 proved that live preview operation is possible, and useful with APS-C sized sensors.

2008. The first mirrorless camera commercially marketed was the Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1, released in Japan in October 2008.[12] It was also the first camera of Micro Four Thirds system, developed exclusively for the mirrorless ILC system.

2009–2010. The Ricoh GXR (November 2009) had a radically different design. The mirrorless camera featured interchangeable lens units – a sealed unit of a lens and sensor, instead of a normal interchangeable lens.[13][14][15] This design was comparable to but distinct from mirrorless cameras, and received mixed reviews, primarily due to cost.

Following the introduction of the Micro Four Thirds system, several other cameras were released by Panasonic and Olympus, with the Olympus PEN E-P1 (announced June 2009) being the first mirrorless camera in a compact size (pocketable with a small lens). The Samsung NX10 (announced January 2010) was the first camera in this class not using the Micro Four Thirds system, instead utilizing a new, proprietary lens mount (Samsung NX-mount). The Sony Alpha NEX-3 and NEX-5 (announced May 14, 2010, and released in July 2010) saw Sony enter the market with a new, proprietary lens mount (the Sony E-mount), though the camera included LA-EA1 and LA-EA2 adapters for the legacy Minolta A-mount.

2011. In June 2011, Pentax announced the 'Q' mirrorless interchangeable lens camera and the 'Q-mount' lens system. The original Q series featured a smaller 1/2.3 inch 12.4 megapixel CMOS sensor.[16] The Q7, introduced in 2013, has a slightly larger 1/1.7 inch CMOS sensor with the same megapixel count.[17]

In September 2011, Nikon announced their Nikon 1 system which consists of the Nikon 1 J1 and Nikon 1 V1 cameras and lenses. The V1 features an electronic viewfinder.[18] The series includes high-speed mirrorless cameras which, according to Nikon, featured the world's fastest autofocus and the world's fastest continuous shooting speed (60 fps) among all cameras with interchangeable lenses including DSLRs.[19]

2012. The Fujifilm X-Pro1, announced in January 2012, was the first non-rangefinder mirrorless with a built-in optical viewfinder. Its hybrid viewfinder overlaid electronic information, including shifting frame-lines, to compensate for the parallax effect. Its 2016 successor, the X-Pro2, features an updated version of this viewfinder.

Beyond just consumer interest, mirrorless lens systems has created significant interest from camera manufacturers as a possible alternative to high-end camera manufacturing. Mirrorless cameras have fewer moving parts than DSLRs, and are more electronic, which is an advantage to electronic manufacturers (such as Panasonic, and Samsung), while reducing the advantage that existing camera manufacturers have in precision mechanical engineering. Sony's entry level full frame mirrorless α7 II camera has a 24 megapixel 5 axis stabilised sensor but is more compact and lower in cost than any full frame sensor DSLR.

Canon was the last of the major manufacturer of DSLRs to announce their own mirrorless camera, announcing the Canon EOS M in 2012 with APS-C sensor and 18 mm registration distance similar to the one used by NEX.

In a longer-term Olympus decided that mirrorless may replace DSLRs entirely in some categories with Olympus America's DSLR product manager speculating that by 2012, Olympus DSLRs (the Olympus E system) may be mirrorless, though still using the Four Thirds System (not Micro Four Thirds).[20]

Panasonic UK's Lumix G product manager John Mitchell, speaking to the Press at the 2011 "Focus on Imaging" show in Birmingham, reported that Panasonic "G" camera market share was almost doubling each year, and that the UK Panasonic "G" captured over 11% of all interchangeable camera sales in the UK in 2010, and that the UK "CSC" sales made up 23% of the interchangeable lens market in the UK, and 40% in Japan.[21]

As of May 2010, the cost of interchangeable-lens camera is comparable to and somewhat higher than entry-level DSLRs, with costs between US$550 and $800, and significantly higher than the cost of high-end compact cameras.

Sony announced their 2011 sales statistics in September 2012, which showed that mirrorless lenses had 50% of the interchangeable lens market in Japan, 18% in Europe, and 23% worldwide. Since then, Nikon has entered the mirrorless market, amongst other new entries.

2013. Due to the downward trend of the world camera market, mirrorless camera sales suffered, but not as drastically and was compensated with increase by about 12 percent in the Japanese mirrorless camera market.[22] However, mirrorless cameras have taken longer to catch on in Europe and North America. According to Japanese photo industry sources, mirrorless made up only 11.2% of interchangeable-lens cameras shipped to Europe in the first nine months of 2013, and 10.5% of those shipped to the U.S. in the same period.[23] Also, an industry researcher determined that Mirrorless camera sales in the U.S. fell by about 20% in the three weeks leading up to December 14, 2013—which included the key Black Friday shopping week; in the same period, DSLR sales went up 1%.[23]

2015. 2015 sales statistics showed that overall camera sales have fallen to one third of those of 2010, due to compact cameras being substituted by camera-capable mobile phones. Within camera sales, ILCs have seen their market share increasing, with ILCs being 30% of overall camera sales, of which DSLRs were 77% and mirrorless cameras were 23%.[24] In the Americas in 2015, DSLR annual sales fell by 16% per annum, while mirrorless sales over the same 12-month period have increased by 17%.[25] In Japan, mirrorless cameras outsold DSLRs during some parts of the year. In 2015, mirrorless-cameras accounted for 26 percent of interchangeable-lens camera sales outside the Americas, although a lesser share of 26 percent was in the U.S.[26]

2016. In late 2016, Olympus announced their OM-D E-M1 Mark II camera, a successor to the earlier and successful Mark I. The Mark II model retains a Micro Four Thirds image sensor of 17.3x13 mm and features a 20.4 megapixel resolution lens, representing a new generation of mirrorless cameras competitive with and in many respects superior to DSLR cameras.

2017. In early 2017, Sony announces the Alpha-9 mirrorless camera, offering 693 autofocus points, and 20 frame-per-second shooting. In October Sony announces the A7RIII, offering 10FPS shooting at 42 megapixels.

2018. In early 2018, Sony announced the A7III mirrorless camera, bringing the 693 autofocus points of the A9 at a much lower cost. In August, Nikon announced its new full-frame mirrorless Z 6 and Z 7 cameras, both using a new lens mount. Canon announced its first full-frame mirrorless model, the EOS R, and its own new lens mount the next month.

At the NAB Show in April 2018, Blackmagic Design announced and demonstrated the Pocket Cinema Camera 4K at a price of $1295 USD.[27]

Systems comparison
System Notable models Lens mount Sensor size Stabilization Throat diameter Flange focal distance Focus system 35 mm equiv multiplier Release date
Canon EOS M Canon EOS M, EOS M2, EOS M3, EOS M10, EOS M5, EOS M6, EOS M100, EOS M50 Canon EF-M 22.3 × 14.9 mm APS-C Lens-based 47 mm 18 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.6 October 2012[28][29]
Canon EOS R Canon EOS R, EOS RP, EOS R5, EOS R6 Canon RF 36.0 × 24.0 mm Full-frame Lens-based 54 mm 20 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.0 September 2018[30][31]
Fujifilm G Fujifilm GFX 50S, GFX 50R, GFX 100 Fujifilm G-mount 43.8 × 32.9 mm Medium format Lens-based 65 mm[32] 26.7 mm Contrast-detection autofocus 0.79 January 2017[33]
Fujifilm XF Fujifilm X-Pro1, X-T1, X-A1, X-M1, X-E1, X-A2, X-A10, X-A3, X-A5, X-E2, X-E3, X-T10, X-T20, X-Pro2, X-T2, X-H1, X-T3 Fujifilm X-mount 23.6 × 15.6 mm (NEW X-T3 X-Trans 4, 26.1 mp) APS-C Lens-based

X-H1: Sensor-based (5-axis IBIS, 5.5 stops compensation)

 44 mm 17.7 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus on X-H1, X-T1, X-T2, X-T3, X-Pro2, X-T10, X-T20, X-E2, X-E3, X-A5; Contrast-detection autofocus on other models 1.5 January 2012
Hasselblad XCD Hasselblad X1D Hasselblad XCD mount 43.8 × 32.9 mm Medium format none ?? 20 mm Contrast-detection autofocus 0.79 June 2016
Leica L Leica T, SL

Panasonic Lumix DC-S1, S1R, S1H

 Leica L-mount 35.8 × 23.9 mm full-frame (SL)
23.6 × 15.7 mm APS-C (T)		 Lens-based 51.6 mm 20 mm Contrast-detection autofocus, hybrid contrast-detection/phase detection autofocus 1.0 (SL), 1.5 (T) April 2014[34]
Leica M (rangefinder camera) Leica M8, M9, M9-P, M Monochrom, M-E, M (Typ 240); Epson R-D1, R-D1s, R-D1x, R-D1xG Leica M-mount 35.8 × 23.9 mm full-frame (M9, M9-P, M Monochrom, M-E, and M), 27×18 mm half-frame (M8), 23.7×15.6 mm pseudo–APS-C (R-D1) none 44 mm 27.80 mm Rangefinder 1.0 March 2004 (R-D1)
Micro Four Thirds system Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1, G2, G3, G7, G85, G9, GH1, GH2, GH3, GH4, GH5, GH5S, GF1, GF2, GF3, GX1, GX7, GX8, GX85, GX9

Olympus PEN E-P1, E-P2, E-P3, E-PL1, E-PL2, E-PL3, E-PM1, OM-D E-M5, E-PL5, OM-D E-M1, OM-D E-M10

 Micro Four Thirds 17.3 × 12.98 mm 4/3 Lens-based (Panasonic); In body (Olympus)

Olympus EM-5 1st 5 axis stability system versus traditional 2 axis

 ~38 mm 20 mm Contrast-detection autofocus on most bodies; hybrid contrast-detection/phase detection autofocus on Olympus OM-D E-M1 2.0 October 2008 (G1)
Nikon 1[18] Nikon 1 J1, V1, J2, V2, J4, V3, J5 Nikon 1 mount 13.2 × 8.8 mm 1" Nikon CX Lens-based 40 mm 17 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 2.7 October 2011
Nikon Z[35] Z 6, Z 7 Nikon Z-mount 35.9 × 23.9 mm full-frame Sensor-based, but can use both IBIS and lens-based stabilization at the same time 55 mm 16 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.0 August 2018
Pentax K Pentax K-01 Pentax K mount 23.6 × 15.6 mm APS-C Sensor-based 44 mm 45.46 mm Contrast-detection autofocus 1.53 February 2012
Pentax Q Pentax Q, Q10, Q7, Q-S1 Q-mount 6.17 × 4.55 mm (1/2.3") for Q and Q10
7.44 × 5.58 mm (1/1.7") for Q7 and Q-S1		 Sensor-based 38 mm[36] 9.2 mm[37] Contrast-detection autofocus 5.5 (appx), Q and Q10
4.6 (appx), Q7 and Q-S1		 June 2011
Ricoh GXR Ricoh GXR Sealed interchangeable sensor lens unit system, and Leica M-mount Depends on each sealed interchangeable sensor lens unit: APS-C, 1/1.7", 1/2.3" depends — — Contrast-detection autofocus for sealed camera units, manual focus (display-assisted) for Leica M mount unit 1.5 November 2009
Samsung NX Samsung NX10, NX100, NX200, NX20, NX300, NX30, NX500, NX1 Samsung NX-mount 23.4 × 15.6 mm APS-C Lens-based 42 mm 25.5 mm Hybrid Contrast-detection/Phase detection autofocus 1.53 January 2010
Sigma SA Sigma SD Quattro, SD Quattro H Sigma SA-mount 26.7 × 17.9 mm APS-H (Quattro H)
23.4 x 15.5 mm APS-C (Quattro)		 Lens-based ?? 44 mm Phase and contrast 1.35 (Quattro H)
1.54 (Quattro)		 February 2016
Sony α NEX NEX-3, NEX-5, NEX-5N, NEX-6, NEX-7 (still cameras), NEX-VG10 (video camera) Sony E-mount 23.4 × 15.6 mm APS-C Lens-based 46.1 mm (1.815 inch) 18 mm Contrast-detection autofocus (earlier models), Phase and Contrast (newer models) 1.5 June 2010
Sony α ILCE α9, α7, α7R, α7S, α7 II, α7R II, α7S II, α7 III, α7R III, α7R IV, α6500, α6300, α6400, α6000, α5100, α5000, α3000 Sony E-mount 35.8 × 23.9 mm full-frame (α7 series and α9)
23.4 × 15.6 mm APS-C (αxx00)		 Depends (Lens-based, although α7 series II and III, plus α9, have 5-axis IBIS and can use lens and IBIS at same time) 46.1 mm (1.815 inch) 18 mm Contrast-detection autofocus, Phase & Contrast (α7 series, α9, α6xxx) 1.0 (α7x and α9), 1.5 (αx000) October 2013

Full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera

A full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera is a mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera with a digital sensor the same size as 35 mm format (36 mm × 24 mm) film.[38]

In comparison, full-frame digital SLRs also have interchangeable-lenses but differ in having a reflex mirror. Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras that have a smaller sensor than full-frame (such as APS-C and Micro Four Thirds) differ in having a crop factor. Digital cameras with a larger sensor than full-frame are called medium format, after medium format film cameras that use the 120 and 220 film formats.

The Leica M9 was the first full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens digital camera in 2009, using a rangefinder focusing system.[39]

Sony was the first to introduce an autofocus full-frame mirrorless interchangeable-lens digital camera, the α7, in 2013.[40] It was followed by the Leica SL (Typ 601) in 2015.[41]

Nikon[42] and Canon[43] each launched full-frame mirrorless cameras in September 2018. Also announced in September 2018, the L-Mount Alliance will see Panasonic and Sigma using the Leica L-Mount for their own full-frame mirrorless cameras.[44] Panasonic announced its S1R and S1 cameras,[45] and Sigma announced an as-yet unnamed camera, all to be launched in 2019 along with lenses from Panasonic and Sigma.[46]

Examples of full-frame MILCs
gollark: What are good Rust web frameworks these days? I'm rewriting my project in Rust (the backend part is only 50 lines, so it should be easy) but don't really know the current state of things.
gollark: They're completely different except that the name is mildly similar
gollark: Turns out nodejs packages *really* love compiling C(++) dependencies from source. So now `npm` is doing that, on my *phone* CPU.
gollark: The backend bit is only 50 lines, so I could probably rewrite it in a cool language like Rust eventually.
gollark: I am beginning to regret using NodeJS for this project, after trying to install it on my phone.

See also

References
  1. "Meaning of SLR camera". Cambridge University. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017.
  2. Corporation, Sony. "Help Guide | Silent Shooting". helpguide.sony.net. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  3. "Sony's new mirrorless camera EVF is 60 percent sharper". Engadget. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  4. "What is Focus Peaking?". B&H Explora. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  5. "Discover The Power Of Eye AF". Sony | Alpha Universe. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  6. Corporation, Sony. "Help Guide | Live View Display". docs.esupport.sony.com. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  7. The Slanted Lens (December 14, 2017), Camera Comparison: Nikon D850 vs Sony A7RIII, retrieved August 11, 2018
  8. "Close up | Sony a9 focus modes | Fixation". www.fixationuk.com. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  9. "Nikon Z7: Probleme mit Banding, Dynamikumfang schlechter als bei der D850 | Photografix Magazin".
  10. "Camera shipments continue to fall". Archived from the original on August 6, 2013. Retrieved August 12, 2013.
  11. DPReview June 3, 2015 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. "Panasonic Lumix G1 reviewed". Digital Photography Review. Archived from the original on January 21, 2009.
  13. Joinson, Simon (October 2009), Ricoh GXR Preview, DPReview, archived from the original on May 23, 2010.
  14. Rehm, Lars; Joinson, Simon; Westlake, Andy (March 2010), Ricoh GXR/A12 50mm Review, DPReview, archived from the original on May 9, 2010.
  15. Rehm, Lars; Joinson, Simon (March 2010), Ricoh GXR/S10 24-72mm F2.5–4.4 VC Review, DPReview, archived from the original on May 13, 2010.
  16. Pentax Q small-sensor mirrorless camera announced and previewed, DPReview, June 23, 2011, archived from the original on June 24, 2011
  17. Johnson, Allison (August 2013). "Pentax Q7 Review". Digital Photography Review. Archived from the original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
  18. Nikon announces Nikon 1 system with V1 small sensor mirrorless camera, DPReview, September 21, 2011, archived from the original on November 7, 2011.
  19. Nikon announces Nikon 1 system with V1 small sensor mirrorless camera Archived November 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Dpreview
  20. Olympus E system mirrorless in two years. Probably. Archived May 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Monday February 22, 2010, Damien Demolder
  21. "Panasonic primed for Canon and Nikon fight news". Amateur Photographer. March 9, 2011. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
  22. "Mirrorless cameras offer glimmer of hope to makers". Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  23. Knight, Sophie; Murai, Reiji (December 31, 2013). "The Last, Best Hope For A Digital Camera Rebound Is Failing". Business Insider. Reuters. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  24. Global Market Share Digital Cameras "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2015.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. Sony Rides Wave of Mirrorless US Sales Sales Surge "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  26. Aranca (February 5, 2015). "Global Digital Camera Industry and Production - Digital Camera Market…". slideshare.net. Archived from the original on May 20, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
  27. "Blackmagic's new $1,295 compact shoots 4K RAW movies". Engadget. Retrieved September 13, 2019.
  28. "Put Your Creativity Into Motion With The New EOS M Digital Camera" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. July 23, 2012. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  29. Westlake, Andy (July 23, 2012). "Canon EOS M hands-on preview". Digital Photography Review. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  30. "Evolution Meets Revolution as Canon Announces The All-New EOS R System" (Press release). Canon U.S.A., Inc. September 5, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  31. Keller, Jeff (September 5, 2018). "Canon full-frame mirrorless system debuts with announcement of EOS R". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  32. "FUJIFILM GFX 50S, Features". Fujifilm. Retrieved May 23, 2018.
  33. "Fujifilm medium-format GFX 50S to ship in late February for $6500". Digital Photography Review. January 19, 2017. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
  34. Westlake, Andy (April 24, 2014). "Leica T (Typ 701) specifications". Leica T (Typ 701) First Impressions Review. Digital Photography Review. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
  35. Keller, Jeff (August 23, 2018). "Nikon's Z 7 mirrorless camera has full-frame 45MP sensor, in-body image stabilization and hybrid AF". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  36. admin, on June 23, 2011 (June 23, 2011). "Pentax Q". Photoclubalpha. Archived from the original on December 30, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  37. "Pentax Q Compact System Camera – Initial Test". Imaging-resource.com. Archived from the original on November 7, 2011. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
  38. Nakamura, Yuji; Furukawa, Yuki (August 23, 2018). "Nikon Takes on Sony With Mirrorless Camera". Bloomberg News. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  39. Naughton, John (August 23, 2014). "Why I love my Leica". The Guardian. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  40. "Sony's New Mirrorless Cameras Are the First to Get Full-Frame Sensors". Wired. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  41. Johnson, Allison. "Leica introduces SL system with Typ 601 full-frame mirrorless camera and lenses". DPReview. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  42. Kelion, Leo (August 23, 2018). "Nikon mirrorless cameras will battle Sony". BBC News. Retrieved September 8, 2018 – via www.bbc.com.
  43. "Three days with Canon's EOS R full-frame mirrorless camera". Engadget. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  44. Bracaglia, Dan (September 25, 2018). "Leica, Panasonic and Sigma will work together, announce L-mount alliance". DPReview. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  45. Goldstein, Mark. "Panasonic S1R and Panasonic S1 35mm Full-frame Mirrorless Cameras". Photography Blog. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  46. Goldstein, Mark. "Sigma to Develop L-Mount Camera with Foveon Sensor, Release Canon EF to L-mount Adapter". Photography Blog. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  47. "The Canon EOS RP is smaller than an EOS Rebel T7i and will cost $1300". Digital Photography Review. February 14, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  48. "Leica M Typ 240 review". Amateur Photographer. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  49. "DxOMark: The full-frame Leica M10 is 'on par' with the best APS-C sensors". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  50. "Leica M (Typ 262): Digital Photography Review". Digital Photography Review. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  51. "Leica M Monochrom (Typ 246) Review - Amateur Photographer". Amateur Photographer. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  52. "Leica SL fast full-frame mirrorless camera delivers, but needs some design refinement". CNET. October 20, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2018.
  53. "Details // Leica SL2 // Leica SL-System // Photography - Leica Camera AG". en.leica-camera.com. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  54. "Nikon releases the FX-format Nikon Z 5". Nikon. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  55. "Sony Alpha A7S II". TechRadar. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  56. "Sony Alpha a7 II Review". DPReview. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  57. "Sony's new A7 III is a $2,000 full-frame mirrorless camera that should terrify Canon and Nikon". The Verge. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  58. Watson, Dan (November 21, 2017). "Sony a7RIII vs a7RII Hands On Review". HuffPost. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
  59. "Sony introduces the a7R IV with 61 Megapixel full-frame sensor". Digital Photography Review. July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
  60. Watson, Dan (April 27, 2017). "Sony A9 Review - A First Look at Sony's Alpha Flagship". HuffPost. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.