MGM Grand fire

The MGM Grand fire occurred on Friday, November 21, 1980 at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (now Bally's Las Vegas) in Paradise, Nevada. The fire killed 85 people, most through smoke inhalation.[1] The tragedy remains the deadliest disaster in Nevada history, and the third-deadliest hotel fire in modern U.S. history, after the 1946 Winecoff Hotel fire in Atlanta that killed 119 people and the San Juan (Puerto Rico) Dupont Plaza Hotel fire on December 31, 1986, in which 97 perished.

MGM Grand fire
DateNovember 21, 1980 (1980-11-21)
VenueMGM Grand Hotel and Casino
LocationParadise, Nevada, U.S.
TypeFire
CauseAccidental
Deaths
  • 78 guests
  • 7 employees
Non-fatal injuries
  • 588 guests
  • 25 employees
  • 14 firefighters

Fire

At the time of the fire, about 5,000 people were in the hotel and casino, a 26-story luxury resort with more than 2,000 hotel rooms.[2] At approximately 7:07 a.m. on Friday, November 21, 1980, a fire began in a restaurant known as The Deli. The fire was discovered during an inspection of the restaurant by a tile crew. A crew supervisor noticed a flickering light, which turned out to be a wall of flames.[3] An employee of the hotel's bakery recounted how just after 7 a.m. he saw smoke coming from the ceiling vents and the lights went out.[4] MGM Security was immediately advised of the situation, and alerted the Clark County Fire Department which was the first agency to respond. CCFD received a call reporting the fire at 7:17 am, with the first engine arriving on site at 7:19 am. A third alarm was called at 7:22 am, and a Metro Police Helicopter pilot requested all available helicopters at 7:30 am.[5]

Other agencies included the North Las Vegas Fire Department, Las Vegas Fire & Rescue, and the Henderson Fire Department. A massive helicopter rescue effort from Nellis Air Force Base pulled 1,000 people from the roof of the MGM Grand,[3] involving both U.S. Air Force UH-1N (Hueys) from the 57th Wing based in Indian Springs and CH-3E (Jolly Green Giants) from the 1st Special Operations Wing based in Hurlburt Field, Florida (which were in Nevada to participate in Red Flag '80).

The fire spread to the lobby, fed by wallpaper, PVC piping, glue, and plastic mirrors, racing through the casino floor at a speed of 15–19 ft/s (4.6–5.8 m/s; 10–13 mph; 16–21 km/h) until a massive fireball blew out the main entrance along The Strip. From the time the fire was noticed, it took six minutes for the entire building to be fully engulfed.[6] It spread across the areas of the casino in which no fire sprinklers were installed. Eighteen people died in the casino level of the hotel.[7]

The burning material created toxic fumes and smoke, which ascended throughout the hotel tower via vertical shafts (elevators and stairwells) and seismic joints and caused the majority of the deaths.[8] Firefighters reported having to crawl through the dark and over "mounds of stuff" trying to extinguish the fire, it was later determined that the "mounds" were deceased guests and staff near an elevator bank.[3] Proper evacuation of the hotel guests was hindered as there was no automatic means of returning elevators to the main floor during a fire, causing 10 deceased victims to be found in an elevator.[7] Survivors recounted how some in the hotel had tied bedsheets together and hung them on balconies in an attempt to escape upper floor rooms and alert first responders.[4]

Victims

A total of 85 people were killed (including seven employees) and 650 injured, including guests, employees, and 14 firefighters.[1] While the fire primarily damaged the second-floor casino and adjacent restaurants, 61 deaths were on the upper floors of the hotel (19th - 24th floors), mostly in the stairwells, where all doors except on the roof and ground floor were locked and the smoke concentration was the highest.[9] Some guests died in their sleep.

Seventy-five people died from smoke inhalation and carbon monoxide poisoning; four from smoke inhalation alone; three from burns and smoke inhalation; one from burns alone; one from massive skull trauma, caused by jumping from a high window; and one of myocarditis.[1] The disaster led to the general publicizing of the fact that during a building fire, smoke inhalation is a more serious threat than flames.

Cause

The fire was confined to the casino and restaurant areas. The hotel was equipped with a fire sprinkler system that performed properly by keeping the fire out of other sections of the building. The area with the most fire prevention was in the money counting area, not in individual rooms or on the casino floor.[10]

Electric fire

The fire was caused by an electrical ground fault inside a wall-mounted electrical receptacle.[11][12]

A refrigerated pastry display case was added, after original construction of the hotel, to one of its restaurants (known as The Deli).[10] Unlike a modern display case, which would be totally self-contained (compressor installed in bottom of display case), this unit functioned like a walk-in cooler or central air conditioning system, with a pair of copper refrigerant lines connecting its evaporator to a condensing unit located outside the building. When this set-up was installed, the copper lineset was run through the same wall soffit as a pre-existing electrical conduit and in physical contact with the conduit.[3]

The fan-forced evaporator unit in the display case was not properly secured, and thus was able to vibrate constantly while in operation; these vibrations were carried along the copper refrigerant lines, causing the pipes to rub against the electrical conduit in the wall soffit and make them vibrate as well. Through a combination of galvanic corrosion (where the copper refrigerant pipes were in physical contact with the aluminum electrical conduit, causing the conduit to erode over time), and vibration – as well as jagged edges and stretched wires resulting from poor workmanship during the installation – the electrical wires inside the conduit ended up missing chunks of their plastic insulation, and the conduit was rendered un-grounded (there was no separate ground wire; the metal conduit itself was designed to function as the ground, so the disintegration of the conduit rendered the system un-grounded).

These now-bare electrical conductors inside the un-grounded metal conduit glowed red-hot and began arcing, which ignited the fire.[1] The fire reportedly smoldered for hours until it found fresh oxygen and burst into a fireball that spread into the casino, and was fed by other combustibles.[13]

Spread of smoke

Due to faulty smoke dampers within the ventilation duct network, the toxic fumes circulated throughout the hotel's air conditioning system, accelerating the spread of the poisonous gases.[14] The elevator shafts were located above the restaurant and casino, and thus helped the smoke to spread. Guests, who earlier had found that the fire doors in some stairwells locked automatically, had propped them open for convenience. Unfortunately, this allowed more smoke to spread.[13]

Sprinkler rule exceptions

The casino and restaurants were not protected by a fire sprinkler system because they were exempt from rules requiring fire sprinklers in areas occupied 24 hours a day.[11] A Clark County building inspector granted the exemption—despite the opposition of fire marshals—reasoning that a fire would be quickly noticed by occupants and contained with portable fire extinguishers. When the fire started in The Deli restaurant it was no longer open 24 hours per day; in fact it was closed and unoccupied.[15]

Aftermath

The hotel (originally built in 1973) was repaired and improved,[16] including the addition of fire sprinklers and an automatic fire alarm system throughout the property.[17]

The hotel was sold to Bally's Entertainment, which changed the name to Bally's Las Vegas. Similar upgrades were also made to the nearly identical property (now the Grand Sierra Resort) in Reno, Nevada. The tower in which most of the deaths occurred is still operating as part of the hotel today. A second tower opened in 1981. The present MGM Grand hotel-casino was built to the south, near the northeast corner of Las Vegas Boulevard and Tropicana Avenue.

Code changes

On February 10, 1981, just 81 days after the MGM fire, another fire broke out at the Las Vegas Hilton, killing at least five people.[18] Due to the two incidents, there was a major reformation of fire safety guidelines and codes. All buildings open to the public in Nevada were required to have fire sprinklers, smoke detectors in rooms and elevators, and exit maps in all hotel rooms. This law went into effect in 1981 and made Nevada a leader in fire safety regulation.[19]

gollark: What is "X" here?
gollark: It's *an* average-y thing, but probably not what you mean intuitively.
gollark: It's not really "the average".
gollark: So it looks like the mean for that one would be 0.
gollark: =tex \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x f(x) dx

See also

References
  1. "MGM Fire Investigation Report" (PDF). Clark County Fire Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 9, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  2. (Best & Demers 1982, p. vi)
  3. "Hotel Impossible's Anthony Melchiorri Revisits the MGM Grand Fire of Nov. 21, 1980 - Naples Herald". Naples Herald. November 21, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  4. "Survivors, witnesses describe chaos of MGM Grand fire". LasVegasSun.com. November 21, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  5. "Lessons from the Past: MGM Grand Fire". Firehouse. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  6. Hopkins, Justin (November 21, 2017). "Nov. 21st marks anniversary of MGM fire". LASVEGASNOW. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  7. Craighead, Geoff (2009). High-Rise Security and Fire Life Safety. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-1856175555.
  8. (Best & Demers 1982, p. 26)
  9. Sumka, E.H (1990s). "Presently, Elevators are not Safe in Fire Emergencies" (PDF). Advisory Engineer, Codes and Product Application, Westinghouse Elevator Co.: 79–82.
  10. "The MGM Grand Had So Many Construction Flaws That 85 People Died When A Fire Broke Out In The Casino". Ranker. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  11. Marsha Giesler (November 8, 2016). Fire and Life Safety Educator: Principles and Practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 12–. ISBN 978-1-284-04197-2.
  12. Earl W. Roberts (September 1, 2000). Overcurrents and Undercurrents: All About Gfcls and Afcls. Reptec. ISBN 978-0-9674323-1-1.
  13. Tubbs, Jeffrey; Meacham, Brian (2007). Egress Design Solutions: A Guide to Evacuation and Crowd Management Planning. Wiley. pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-0471719564.
  14. John Mittendorf; Dave Dodson (January 7, 2015). The Art of Reading Buildings. Fire Engineering Books. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-59370-342-4.
  15. Morrison, Jane Ann (November 20, 2005). "IN DEPTH: MGM GRAND HOTEL FIRE: 25 YEARS LATER: Disaster didn't have to be". Las Vegas Review Journal. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  16. Janice Oberding (August 11, 2013). Haunted Nevada: Ghosts and Strange Phenomena of the Silver State. Stackpole Books. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-0-8117-5295-4.
  17. IDG Enterprise (March 30, 1981). Computerworld. IDG Enterprise. pp. 46–. ISSN 0010-4841.
  18. "Killer fire sweeps LV Hilton". Las Vegas Sun. February 11, 1981. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
  19. Christian, Susan (November 18, 1990). "Burning Memories : Ten years later, survivors continue to relive the MGM Grand fire". The L.A. Times. p. 3. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  • Best, Richard; Demers, David P. (January 15, 1982). "Investigation report on the MGM hotel fire" (PDF). National Fire Protection Association. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
  • Bryan, John (1992). Human Behavior and Fire. In Arthur Cote (ed.) NFPA Handbook, Section 7, Chapter 1. Quincy MA: NFPA. ISBN 0-87765-378-X
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