Luminogram

A luminogram is an image, usually made with an artistic purpose, created by exposure of photosensitive materials to light without the intervention of an object,

(The term has also been used for two unrelated photographic techniques: as a synonym for arteriogram in angiography, for measuring coronary atherosclerosis;[1] and as a term of the hand-writing expert W. R. Mansfield for an early means of reproducing images of normally invisible fluorescence phenomena.[2][3][4][5])

Technique

The luminogram is a variation on the photogram, made in the darkroom directly on photosensitive paper and chemically developed and fixed normally.

While the photogram employs the shadows of objects, in the luminogram the light is modulated by varying the intensity through distance from the photosensitive surface, by the power or shape of the light source, or tempered by filters or gels, or by moving the light, often a low-powered torch (flashlight). The paper can itself be shaped to create the desired effects in the final image.

The photography theorist and practitioner of the luminogram Gottfried Jäger describes this as "the result of pure light design; the rudimentary expression of an interaction of light and photosensitive material… a kind of self representation of light."[6]

History

Twentieth century

Many of László Moholy-Nagy's "photograms" were luminograms. In the 1920s, Moholy-Nagy, with his wife Lucia Moholy, began experimenting with photograms. He produced photogram and luminogram images from 1922 in Berlin and continuously until his death in 1946. Chronologically they fall into three groups:

• Berlin Bauhaus period (1923–1928)
• exile in London (1935–1937)
• exile in the United States (1937–1946)

Moholy-Nagy considered the "mysteries" of the light effects and the analysis of space as experienced through the photogram to be important principles that he experimentally explored and advanced in his teaching throughout his life.[7] His luminograms are related to his sculptural experiments with projected light on his 'light modulator' machines starting with the Lichtrequisit einer elektrischen Bühne [Light Prop for an Electric Stage] (completed 1930), a device with moving parts meant to have light projected through it in order to create mobile light reflections and shadows on nearby surfaces.[8][9]

Moholy-Nagy's luminograms are concerned exclusively with light and design. Moholy-Nagy approached the light-sensitive photographic paper as a blank canvas and used light to paint on the surface with and without the interference of an intervening object.[10]

German immigrant to America Lotte Jacobi, encouraged by colleague Leo Katz, produced a large number of luminograms 1946 and 1951, which she called Light Pictures using electric torches covered in fabric and candles to project light onto photographic paper with a dancing motion.[11][12]

The experimental German fotoform group, from 1949, produced luminograms,[12] though their leader Otto Steinert[13] and member Peter Keetman produced their abstract images by pointing a camera, with shutter open, at light sources to produce light trails. Another, Heinz Hajek-Halke, eliminated the camera.[14]

Photographie Concrète[15] was a movement first exhibited in 1967 in Bern, and comprised Swiss photographers, including Roger Humbert, who made luminograms first shown in Ungegenständliche Fotografie ('Nonrepresentational Photography'), 1960 in Basel, amongst René Mächler, Rolf Schroeter, Jean Frédéric Schnyder who each made camera-less imagery.[16] Associated with them was Heinrich Heidersberger who made 'rhythmogrammes' with a machine devised to control the motion of a light globe swinging repeatedly across the surface of photographic paper to create looping and arrayed patterns.[17]

Contemporary practice

Irish artist Martina Corry's series Colour Works (2008) and Photogenic Drawings (2000), she folds and crumples photographic paper, then flattens it before exposing it to the light of the enlarger so that after development it retains photographic representation of folds on top of the actual folded photograph, and as Corry notes, “although abstract in appearance, the works document the history of their own making”.[18][19] In other works, such as Lumen and Luminograms (both 2004), she 'draws' directly on the paper using optical fibres at varying distances from the surface of the photographic emulsion.

British duo, the husband and wife team Rob and Nick Carter make artworks in a range of media that are concerned with visual perception. These include photograms, some made directly from stained-glass windows in-situ, and also luminograms in the form of Harmonograms, achieved with a technique similar to Heidersberger's 'rhythmogrammes' (above). Their series entitled Luminograms from around 2007 to 2011, are harmonograms of colours arranged in a concentric 'target' pattern and others made by illuminating direct-positive photographic paper to produce an edge-to-edge gradated tone. The one-metre-square prints are then presented under the continuously-changing illumination of C-200s LED light sources scrolling through the spectrum. The arrangement perverts the human ability to perceive a colour as constant even under changing lighting conditions. Instead, the static photographic prints themselves appear to change hue perversely. The artworks have attracted the interest of perceptual psychologists.[20]

Oliver Chanarin and Adam Broomberg used the luminogram in their approach to imaging war, in a project The Day that Nobody Died (2008)[21] in which they adopted the conceptual, pragmatic strategy of exposing a roll of photographic paper directly to ‘front line’ Afghanistani light and filming British troops, with whom they were embedded, carrying the heavy cardboard box containing it.[22] The wittingly ludicrous video documentation of the journey of the box and the content-free, but suggestive, luminogram brings to the fore the legitimacy of art as a representation of the theatre of war.[23][24] The work was included in the Tate Modern exhibition Conflict, Time, Photography November 26, 2014 March 15, 2015.[25]

References

1. Johan H. C. Reiber, Gerard Koning, Joan C. Tuinenburg, Alexandra Lansky, Bob Goedhart 'Quantitative Coronary Arteriography’. In Oudkerk, Matthijs (2004), Coronary radiology, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-43640-9
2. Penney, N. (ed.) The Journal of the Friends Historical Society, Volume 29 1932, p. 71.
3. The Illustrated London News, volume 198, issue 2, p.551
4. Dake, H. C. (Henry Carl); De Ment, Jack, 1920-, (joint author.) (1942), Ultra-violet light and its applications : including a description of the numerous practical applications found for ultra-violet light and fluorescence in the industries, sciences, and arts, Chemical Publishing Company, incCS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
5. Lt.-Col. W. R. Mansfield 'Invisible Light'. In The Photographic Journal, Volume 75, 1935, Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain p.169-171
6. Symposium on Photography and the Media (21st : Bielefeld); Jäger, Gottfried (2002), The art of abstract photography, Arnoldsche, ISBN 978-3-89790-015-8
7. Moholy-Nagy, László; Institute of Design (1947), Vision in motion, P. Theobald
8. Tate bio Retrieved January 17, 2011
9. Light Art Retrieved January 17, 2011
10. Moholy-Nagy, László; Haus, Andreas (1980), Moholy-Nagy, photographs and photograms, Pantheon Books, ISBN 978-0-394-50449-0
11. Beckers, Marion; Jacobi, Lotte, 1896-1990; Moortgat, Elisabeth; Verborgene Museum; Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum Aachen; Museum Ostdeutsche Galerie Regensburg (1997), Atelier Lotte Jacobi, Berlin, New York, Das Verborgene Museum : Nicolai, ISBN 978-3-87584-634-8CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
12. Baker, Simon; L'Ecotais, Emmanuelle de; Mavlian, Shoair; Allen, Sarah; Tate Modern (2018), Shape of light: 100 years of photography and abstract art, Tate Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84976-369-1
13. Steinert, Otto; Eskildsen, Ute; Museum Folkwang Essen (2008), Parisian forms (1st ed.), Steidl ; Essen : Museum Folkwang, ISBN 978-3-86521-624-3
14. Cordier, Pierre; Biasino, Fabrice (2007), Pierre Cordier : le chimigramme = the chemigram, Racine, ISBN 978-2-87386-494-1
15. Lauter, Marlene; Museum im Kulturspeicher (Würzburg, Germany) (2002), Konkrete Kunst in Europa nach 1945 = Concrete art in Europe after 1945, Hatje Cantz ; New York, N.Y. : Distribution in the US, D.A.P., Distributed Art Publishers, ISBN 978-3-7757-1191-3
16. Jäger, Gottfried; Reese, Beate; Krauss, Rolf H (2005), Concrete photography = Konkrete fotografie, Kerber Verlag, ISBN 978-3-936646-74-0
17. Heinrich Heidersberger: Photographien - Rhythmogramme. (1962). Linz: Neue Galerie - Wolfgang Gurlitt Museum.
18. Plummer, S. (2015). Photography as Expanding Form: Virtual and actual expansion in the work of Saron Hughes and Martina Corry. Photographies, 8(2), 137-153.
19. Squiers, Carol; Squiers, Carol, 1948-, (curator.); Batchen, Geoffrey, (Writer of added commentary.); Baker, George, (Writer of added commentary.); Steyerl, Hitoe, (Writer of added commentary.); International Center of Photography (2014), What is a photograph?, DelMonico Books-Prestel ; New York : International Center of Photography, ISBN 978-3-7913-5351-7CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
20. Spehar, B., & G Clifford, C. W. (2002). Painting with Light by Rob and Nick Carter: Dramatic Failures of Colour Constancy in Articulated Scenes. Perception, 31(2), 197–200.
21. Broomberg, A., & Chanarin, O. (2008). The Day Nobody Died. FMR: White Edition, 8, 102.
22. Hill, J., & Schwartz, V. R. (Eds.). (2015). Getting the Picture: The Visual Culture of the News. Bloomsbury Publishing.
23. Duganne, E. (2015). Uneasy witnesses: Broomberg, Chanarin, and photojournalism’s expanded field,’. JE Hill and VR Schwartz (2015) Getting the Picture: The visual culture of the news. London: Bloomsbury, 272-79.
24. Beck, J. (2016). High Formalism: The aerial view and the colour field. Photographies, 9(2), 187-201.
25. Baker, Simon; Baker, Simon, 1972-, (editor.); Tate Britain (Gallery) (host institution.) (2014), Conflict time photography, London Tate Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84976-320-2CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)