Long-billed hermit

The long-billed hermit (Phaethornis longirostris) is a large hummingbird that is a resident breeder from central Mexico south to northwestern Colombia, extreme western Venezuela and western Ecuador. This species was formerly known as the western long-tailed hermit or just long-tailed hermit, but was renamed to highlight its unusual bill.

Long-billed hermit
Photographed in Drake Bay, Costa Rica

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Trochilidae
Genus: Phaethornis
Species:
P. longirostris
Binomial name
Phaethornis longirostris
(Delattre, 1843)

The taxonomy of this group is complicated, with similar hermit populations from both sides of the Andes being originally named as one species, the long-tailed hermit, P. superciliosus. The latter name in now reserved for the species east of the cordillera.

P. l baroni (Baron's hermit)

Species variation

There is potential separation of the paler, greyer, and slightly smaller southern subspecies P. l. baroni as Baron's hermit, P. baroni.

The adult long-billed hermit is mainly dark green above with a blue-green rump. It has a dark mask through the eye, with buff stripes above and below this, and a brown face. The underparts are grey to buff in colour. The sexes are similar, although the female is slightly smaller, but young birds have buff fringes to the feathers of the upperparts and head.

P. l. mexicanus (Mexican hermit)

Behavior and reproduction

The long-billed hermit inhabits forest undergrowth, usually near water and its preferred food plants. It is 15 cm long and weighs 6 g. The bill is very long and decurved (3.4–3.7 cm), with a black upper and pale orange lower mandible, and the central feathers of the tapered tail are long (6.3–6.8 cm) and white-tipped.

During the breeding season, male long-billed hermits sing in communal leks of up to 25 birds, and also wiggle their long tails in display. Competitive lek singing can occupy half of the daylight hours to attract females. The female selects the best lek singer to mate. The song consists of high pitched squeaky of chink churr and shree sounds. The flight call is a high sweep.

Upon maturity, males appear to be evolving a dagger-like weapon on the beak tip as a secondary sexual trait to defend mating areas.[2]

The female long-billed hermit is solely responsible for nest construction, incubation and feeding the young. She lays two white eggs in a conical nest of fibres and cobwebs suspended under a large Heliconia or banana leaf 1.2 to 1.5 m above the ground. The incubation period is 14–19 days, with another 18 to 28 days to fledging.

Feeding

Nectar is taken from large flowers, such as Heliconias and passion flowers, and small insects and spiders taken as essential sources of protein. Hatchlings are fed by the female with regurgitated invertebrates.

Long-billed hermits are trap-line feeders; they do not defend territory, but visit seasonal flowers on routes through the forest up to 1 km long. They pollinate some flowers such as Aphelandra which have long flowers adapted to the hummingbirds' long curved bill.

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References
  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Phaethornis longirostris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725723A94900895. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725723A94900895.en.
  2. Rico-Guevara A, Araya-Salas M (2015). "Bills as daggers? A test for sexually dimorphic weapons in a lekking hummingbird". Behavioral Ecology. 26 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1093/beheco/aru182.

Books
  • Hilty, Birds of Venezuela, ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
  • Stiles and Skutch, A guide to the birds of Costa Rica ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
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