Llŷn Peninsula

The Llŷn Peninsula (Welsh: Penrhyn Llŷn or Pen Llŷn, Welsh pronunciation: [ɬɨːn]) extends 30 miles (50 km) into the Irish Sea from north west Wales, south west of the Isle of Anglesey. It is part of the historic county of Caernarfonshire, and historic region and local authority area of Gwynedd. Much of the eastern part of the peninsula, around Criccieth, may be regarded as part of Eifionydd rather than Llŷn, although the boundary is somewhat vague. The area of Llŷn is about 400 km2 (150 sq miles), and its population is at least 20,000.

Location of the Llŷn Peninsula in north Wales
1850 Geological map of part of Llŷn
Pwllheli Marina
St. Tudwal's Islands from Mynytho
Map of Welsh cantrefi

Historically, the peninsula was travelled by pilgrims en route to Bardsey Island (Welsh: Ynys Enlli), and its relative isolation has helped to conserve the Welsh language and culture, for which the locality is now famous. This perceived remoteness from urban life has lent the area an unspoilt image which has made Llŷn a popular destination for both tourists and holiday home owners. Holiday homes remain a bone of contention among locals, many of whom are priced out of the housing market by incomers. From the 1970s to the 1990s, a shadowy group known as Meibion Glyndŵr claimed responsibility for several hundred arson attacks on holiday homes using incendiary devices, some of which took place in Llŷn.

The Llyn Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers c. 62 square miles.[1]

Etymology

The name Llŷn is also sometimes spelled Lleyn, although this spelling is now less common and is generally considered to be an anglicisation. The name is thought to be of Irish origin, and to have the same root – Laigin (Laighin) in Irish – as the word Leinster and which also occurs in Porth Dinllaen on the north coast.[2]

History

Following the death of Owain Whitetooth (Ddantgwyn), king of Gwynedd, Owain's son Saint Einion seems to have ruled Llŷn as a kingdom separate from his brother Cuneglas' kingdom in Rhos. He is credited with having sponsored Saint Cadfan's monastery on Bardsey Island, which became a major centre of pilgrimage during medieval times. There are numerous wells throughout the peninsula, many dating back to the pre-Christian era. Many have holy connotations and they were important stops for pilgrims heading to the island.

The most rural parts are characterised by small houses, cottages and individual farms, resembling parts of south west Ireland. There are small compact villages, built of traditional materials. The only large-scale industrial activities were quarrying and mining, which have now largely ceased. The granite quarries of northern Llŷn have left a legacy of inclines and export docks, and were the reason for the growth of villages such as Llithfaen and Trefor. Copper, zinc and lead were mined around Llanengan, while 196,770 long tons (199,930 t) of manganese were produced at Y Rhiw between 1894 and 1945. The Penrhyn Dû mines have also been extensively mined since the seventeenth century around Abersoch. Shipbuilding was important at Nefyn, Aberdaron, Abersoch and Llanaelhaearn, although the industry collapsed after the introduction of steel ships from 1880. Nefyn was also an important herring port, and most coastal communities fished for crab and lobster.

Farming was originally simple and organic, but underwent major changes after the Second World War as machines came into widespread use. Land was drained and fields expanded and reseeded. From the 1950s onwards, extensive use was made of artificial fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides, leading to drastic changes in the appearance of the landscape.

Tourism developed after the railway to Pwllheli was built in 1867. The town expanded rapidly, with several large houses and hotels constructed, and a tramway was built linking the town to Llanbedrog. After the Second World War, Butlins established a holiday camp at Penychain, which attracted visitors from the industrial cities of North West England and the West Midlands. As car ownership increased, the tourist industry spread to the countryside and to coastal villages such as Aberdaron, Abersoch, Llanbedrog and Nefyn, where many families supplemented their income by letting out rooms and houses.[3]

Pwllheli was the administrative centre of Llŷn for over 700 years. It was a royal maerdref of the Kingdom of Gwynedd, and became a free borough following the English conquest. In the 18th and 19th centuries over 400 ships were built there.[4]

Geography

Llŷn is an extensive plateau dominated by numerous volcanic hills and mountains. The largest of these is Yr Eifl, although Garn Boduan, Garn Fadrun and Mynydd Rhiw are also distinctive. Large stretches of the northern coast consist of steep cliffs and rugged rocks with offshore islands and stacks, while there are more extensive sandy beaches on the southern coast, such as Porth Neigwl and Castellmarch Beach. North of Abersoch a series of sand dunes have developed. The landscape is divided into a patchwork of fields, with the traditional field boundaries, stone walls, hedgerows and cloddiau, a prominent feature.

Geology

The geology of Llŷn is complex: the majority is formed from volcanic rocks of the Ordovician period. Rocks of Cambrian origin occur south of Abersoch. Numerous granite intrusions and outcrops of rhyolite form prominent hills such as Yr Eifl, whilst gabbro is found at the west end of Porth Neigwl. The western part of the peninsula (northwest of a line drawn from Nefyn to Aberdaron) is formed from Precambrian rocks, the majority of which are considered to form a part of the Monian Complex and thus to be closely related to the rocks of Anglesey. Numerous faults cut the area and a major shear zone - the Llyn Shear Zone - runs northeast to southwest through the Monian rocks. In 1984 there was an earthquake beneath the peninsula, which measured 5.4 on the Richter Scale and was felt in many parts of Ireland and western Britain.[5]

The area was overrun by Irish Sea ice during the ice ages and this has left a legacy of boulder clay and of meltwater channels.

Protected sites

Llŷn is notable for its large number of protected sites, including a national nature reserve at Cors Geirch, a National Heritage Coastline and a European Marine Special Area of Conservation, and 20 Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The peninsula is home to a rare species of mason bee, found nowhere else.[6] Much of the coastline and hills are part of the Llŷn Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The Llŷn Coastal Path, a long distance footpath, enables walkers to fully explore both coasts of the peninsula.

Lleyn sheep
A Lleyn ewe

The peninsula is the original home of the Lleyn breed of sheep. This is a hardy and prolific breed that has become much more prominent over the last 20 years due to its excellent prolificacy and mothering ability. The sheep are white-faced; on average, ewes weigh about 70 kilograms (150 lb) and rams 90 kilograms (200 lb).

Welsh language

Until at least the 1960s a number of Welsh monoglots still lived in the Llŷn Peninsula.[7] However, before 2001 there had been a decline in Welsh speakers in Gwynedd, which includes the Llŷn Peninsula.[8] According to the 2001 census the number of Welsh speakers in Wales increased for the first time in over 100 years, with 20.5 per cent of a population of over 2.9 million claiming fluency in Welsh. The 2001 Census also showed that 73.1% of the population of Llŷn could speak Welsh. Additionally, 28 per cent of the population of Wales claimed to understand Welsh. However, the number of Welsh speakers declined in Gwynedd from 72.1 per cent in 1991 to 68.7 per cent in 2001.[8] By 2003 however, a survey of schools showed that just over 94 per cent of children between the ages of 3 and 15 were able to speak Welsh, making Llŷn one of the foremost heartlands of the language, although, as in the rest of north west Wales, many people are concerned that the influx of English speakers is damaging the standing of Welsh and threatening its future as a living community language in the area.[9] The Welsh Language and Heritage Centre of Nant Gwrtheyrn is situated on the north coast.

Tân yn Llŷn 1936

Concern for the Welsh language was ignited in 1936 when the United Kingdom government settled on establishing a bombing school at Penyberth on the peninsula. The events surrounding the protest became known as Tân yn Llŷn (Fire in Llŷn).[10] The government had settled on Llŷn as the site for its new bombing school after similar locations in Northumberland and Dorset were met with protests.[11] However, British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin refused to hear the case against the bombing school in Wales, despite a deputation representing half a million Welsh protesters. Protest against the bombing school was summed up by Saunders Lewis when he wrote that the British government was intent upon turning one of the "essential homes of Welsh culture, idiom, and literature" into a place for promoting a barbaric method of warfare. On 8 September 1936 the bombing school building was set on fire by Saunders Lewis, Lewis Valentine and D.J. Williams, who immediately gave themselves up to the police and claimed responsibility. The trial at Caernarfon failed to agree on a verdict and the case was sent to the Old Bailey in London. The "Three" were sentenced to nine months imprisonment in Wormwood Scrubs, and on their release they were greeted as heroes by 15,000 people at a pavilion in Caernarfon.[11]

Relationship with the property market
Further information: Gwynedd § Political controversy over housing market and Welsh language

The decline in the use of the Welsh language in Llŷn has been attributed to a rise in property prices. Local Welsh speakers are increasingly unable to afford housing in the area as the rise in house prices has outpaced average earnings in Wales. On the other hand, there has been an influx of non-Welsh speakers purchasing properties for retirement or holiday homes.[12][13] The issue of locals being priced out of the local housing market is common to many rural communities throughout Britain, but in Wales the added dimension of language further complicates the issue, as many new residents do not learn the Welsh language.[14][15][16][17]

See also: History of the Welsh language – 2001 census and second home controversy

Governance

The whole of Llŷn is governed by Cyngor Gwynedd, a unitary authority established in 1996. The area had traditionally formed part of Caernarfonshire, for which an elected county council had been formed in 1889. Caernarfonshire was abolished in 1974 and incorporated into the new county of Gwynedd, which became a unitary authority under the 1996 reorganisation.[18]

Llŷn Rural District, based in Pwllheli, was created under the Local Government Act 1894 from the area of Pwllheli Rural Sanitary District. At the time it covered 91,449 acres (370.08 km2) and consisted of 30 civil parishes, although the number was subsequently reduced. At the 1901 census it had a population of 16,816. Under a County Review Order in 1934, 18 parishes were abolished with their areas distributed among other parishes; a new parish of Buan was formed by the merger of Ceidio and Llanfihangel Bachellaeth; and the parish of Dolbenmaen was transferred from Glaslyn Rural District. Five years later, in 1939, Edern was abolished and incorporated into Nefyn.[19] The rural district was abolished in 1974, with its area being included in the Dwyfor District of Gwynedd, which was itself abolished in 1996, when Gwynedd became a unitary authority. At the time of abolition, the rural district covered 114,232 acres (462.28 km2) and had a population at the 1971 census of 15,190.[19]

Pwllheli Municipal Borough was the successor to a free borough which was granted a charter by Edward, the Black Prince in 1355. The corporation was abolished by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and replaced by an elected council, which existed until Pwllheli was included in Dwyfor in 1974, as a result of the Local Government Act 1972.[20] At the 1841 census Pwllheli had a population of 2,367.[21] By the time of abolition the borough covered 1,211 acres (4.90 km2) and had a population at the 1961 census of 3,647.[22]

Criccieth Urban District was created under the Local Government Act 1894,[23] and covered the area of the former borough, which had been abolished in 1886 by the Municipal Corporations Act 1883.[24] The borough charter had been granted by Edward I in 1284.[25] The urban district covered 472 acres (1.91 km2) and at the 1901 census had a population of 1,406.[26] By the time of abolition and incorporation into Dwyfor in 1974, it covered 1,721 acres (6.96 km2), and had a population at the 1961 census of 1,672.[23]

List of ancient parishes
Image Name Period Population
1961		 Community Refs
Aberdaron1894
1974		1,161Aberdaron[27]
Abererch1894
1934		Llannor[28]
Bardsey Island1894
1974		17Aberdaron[29]
Bodferin1894
1934		Aberdaron[30]
Botwnnog1894
1974		1,176Botwnnog[31]
Bryncroes1894
1934		Aberdaron
Botwnnog		[32]
Buan1934
1974		619Buan[33]
Carnguwch1894
1934		Pistyll[34]
Ceidio1894
1934		Buan[35]
Criccieth Urban District1894
1974		1,672Criccieth[23]
Dolbenmaen1934
1974		1,447Dolbenmaen[36]
Edern1894
1939		Nefyn[37]
Llanaelhaearn1894
1974		1,242Llanaelhaearn[38]
Llanarmon1894
1934		Llanystumdwy[39]
Llanbedrog1894
1974		883Llanbedrog[40]
Llandegwning1894
1934		Botwnnog[41]
Llandudwen1894
1934		Buan
Tudweiliog		[42]
Llanengan1894
1974		2,116Llanengan[43]
Llanfaelrhys1894
1934		Aberdaron[44]
Llanfihangel Bachellaeth1894
1934		Buan[45]
Llangian1894
1934		Botwnnog
Llanengan		[46]
Llangwnnadl1894
1934		Aberdaron
Tudweiliog		[47]
Llangybi1894
1934		Llannor
Llanystumdwy		[48]
Llaniestyn1894
1934		Botwnnog
Tudweiliog		[49]
Llannor1894
1974		2,039Llannor[50]
Llanystumdwy1894
1974		2,056Llanystumdwy[51]
Mellteyrn1894
1934		Botwnnog
Tudweiliog		[52]
Nefyn1894
1974		2,164Nefyn[53]
Penllech1894
1934		Tudweiliog[54]
Penllyn1894
1934		Criccieth
Llanystumdwy		[55]
Penrhos1894
1934		Llannor[56]
Pistyll1894
1974		599Pistyll[57]
Pwllheli
Municipal Borough		1835
1974		3,647Pwllheli[22]
Tudweiliog1894
1974		1,003Tudweiliog[58]
gollark: Observe, "normal" and "healthy" "foxes".
gollark: It's weird how the people defining these groups always put themselves in the cool™ one.
gollark: Oh, as in a place where you rent a computer or something? Okay, sure, that's wildly insecure and why would you ever trust that.
gollark: You also can't do that, because the designers of TLS are not entirely idiots and certificate verification exists.
gollark: What? I'm pretty sure you can't just arbitrarily read input on other people's computers, unless they have really insecure wireless keyboards.

References
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  2. Owen, H.W. & Morgan, R. 2007 Dictionary of the Place-names of Wales Gomer Press, Ceredigion
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  5. British Geological Survey, 1994. 1:250,000 scale geological map, The Rocks of Wales/Creigiau Cymru
  6. "Rare Welsh bee features on new series of stamps". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
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  11. Davies, op cit, page 592
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  29. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Bardsey Island Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  30. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Bodferin Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
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  32. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Bryncroes Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  33. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Buan Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  34. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Carnguwch Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
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  42. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llandudwen Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  43. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llanengan Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  44. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llanfaelrhys Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  45. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llanfihangel Bachellaeth Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  46. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llangian Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  47. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llangwnnadl Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  48. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llangybi Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  49. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llaniestyn Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  50. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llannor Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  51. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Llanystumdwy Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  52. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Mellteryn Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  53. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Nefyn Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  54. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penllech Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  55. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penllyn Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  56. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Penrhos Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  57. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Pistyll Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  58. A Vision of Britain Through Time : Tudweiliog Civil Parish Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
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