List of state leaders in 1438
Africa
- Ethiopian Empire – Zara Yaqob (1434–1468)
The Americas
- Inca Empire – Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (1438–1471)
Asia
- China (Ming dynasty) - Zhengtong Emperor (1435–1449)
- Gajapati Kingdom – Kapilendra Deva (1434–1467)
- Japan (Muromachi period)
- Monarch – Emperor Go-Hanazono (1428–1464)
- Ashikaga shogunate - Ashikaga Yoshinori (1429–1441)
- Joseon (Korea) – Sejong the Great (1418–1450)
- Ryukyu Kingdom – Shō Hashi (1429–1439)
- Siam
- Ayutthaya Kingdom – Borommarachathirat II (1424–1448)
- Sukhothai Kingdom – Maha Thammaracha IV (1419–1438)
Europe
- Kingdom of Aragon – Alfonso V (1416–1458)
- Duchy of Burgundy – Philip III, the Good (1419–1467)
- Byzantine Empire – John VIII Palaiologos (1425–1448)
- Crown of Castile – John II (1406–1454)
- Kingdom of England (House of Lancaster) - Henry VI (1422–1461 and 1470–1471)
- Kingdom of France (House of Valois) - Charles VII (1422–1461)
- Kingdom of Hungary – Albert II of Habsburg (1437–1439)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania – Sigismund I Kestutian, Grand Prince of Lithuania (1432–1440)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow – Vasily II The Dark, Grand Prince of Moscow (1425–1462)
- Kingdom of Naples – René I (1435–1442)
- Khanate of Kazan – Ulugh Muhammad (1438–1446)
- Kingdom of Navarre – Blanche I (1425–1441)
- Ottoman (Turkish) Empire – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (1421–1451)
- Kingdom of Poland – Władysław III of Poland (1434–1444)
- Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves –
- Monarch –
- Regent – Eleanor of Aragon (1438–1439)
- Kingdom of Scotland – James II (1437–1460)
- Republic of Venice – Francesco Foscari, Doge of Venice (1423–1457)
Middle East and North Africa
- Aq Qoyunlu (White Sheep Turkomans) – Uzun Hassan (1435–1478)
- Kingdom of Cyprus – John II (1432–1458)
- Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt –
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