List of rulers of Tuscany

The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.

Grand Duke of Tuscany
Details
Style	His/her Imperial and Royal Highness
First monarch	Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Last monarch	Leopold II (de jure) Ferdinand IV (de facto/titular)
Formation	27 August 1569
Abolition	16 August 1859
Pretender(s)	Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197

House of Boniface

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

• Boniface I, 812–813
• Boniface II, 828–834
• Aganus, 835–845
• Adalbert I, 847–886
• Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
• Guy, 915–929
• Lambert, 929–931

House of Boso

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface

• Boso, 931–936
• Humbert, 936–961
• Hugh the Great, 961–1001

House of Hucpold

• Boniface (III), 1004–1011

Nondynastic

• Rainier, 1014–1027

House of Canossa

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

• Boniface III, 1027–1052
• Frederick, 1052–1055
• Matilda, 1052–1115
  • Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
  • Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)
  • Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)

Nondynastic

• Rabodo, 1116–1119
• Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
• Rampret, c. 1131
• Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
• Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
• Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1152–1160
• Welf VII, 1160–1167
  • Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)
  • Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1167–1173
• Philip, 1195–1197

In 1197 Philip was elected King of Germany and the majority of the Tuscan nobility, cities and bishops formed the Tuscan League with Papal backing.

• Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

Rulers of Florence, 1434–1569

De facto rulers of the House of Medici, 1434–1494

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Cosimo de' Medici	1434	1464	First de facto Lord of Florence
	Piero I the Gouty	1464	1469	Son of Cosimo
	Lorenzo I the Magnificent	1469	1492	Son of Piero
	Giuliano I de' Medici	1469	1478	Brother of Lorenzo and also Co-Ruler, was assassinated.
	Piero II the Unfortunate	1492	1494	Son of Lorenzo, was deposed and exiled

Republic of Florence (1494-1512)

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Girolamo Savonarola	1494	1498	Inspired reform around Florence, was condemned a heretic and hanged and simultaneously burned at the stake in the middle of the piazza.
	Piero Soderini	1502	1512	was declared Standard Bearer for life, fled Florence after the Medici conquest.

Rulers of the House of Medici (1512-1532)

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici	1512	1513	Son of Lorenzo, later became Pope Leo X
	Giuliano II, Duke of Nemours	1513	1516	Son of Lorenzo
	Lorenzo II de Medici	1516	1519	Son of Piero the Unfortunate. Duke of Urbino during the same period.
	Cardinal Giulio de' Medici	1519	1523	son of Giuliano de Medici, later became Pope Clement VII
	Ippolito de' Medici	1523	1527	Son of Giuliano de Medici
	Alessandro de' Medici	1527	1530	son of Lorenzo II de Medici, ruled in exile, returned and became Duke of Florence, where he was assassinated.

After the Sack of Rome, Florence overthrew the Medicis once more and became a republic until Pope Clement VII signed a peace treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who then invaded Florence and restored the Medicis.

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Alessandro de' Medici	1531	1532	son of Lorenzo II de Medici, ruled in exile, returned and became Duke of Florence, where he was assassinated.

Medici dukes of Florence, 1532–1569

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Alessandro de' Medici	1532	1537	son of Lorenzo II de Medici, ruled in exile, returned and became Duke of Florence, where he was assassinated.
	Cosimo I de' Medici	1537	1569	son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, later became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Medici grand dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany	1569	1574	son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, maternal great-grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
	Francesco I de' Medici	1574	1587	son of Cosimo I
	Ferdinando I de' Medici	1587	1609	son of Cosimo I
	Cosimo II de' Medici	1609	1621	son of Ferdinando I
	Ferdinando II de' Medici	1621	1670	son of Cosimo II
	Cosimo III de' Medici	1670	1723	son of Ferdinando II
	Gian Gastone de' Medici	1723	1737	son of Cosimo III, was the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany.

Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Francesco II Stefano	1737	1765	a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I, later became Holy Roman Emperor.
	Pietro Leopoldo I	1765	1790	second son of Francis I, also became Holy Roman Emperor.
	Ferdinando III	1790	1801	second son of Leopold I

Bourbon-Parma kings of Etruria, 1801–1807

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Lodovico I	1801	1803	Grandson of Francisco II Stefano
	Lodovico II	1803	1807	son of Lodovico I

Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807–1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Ferdinando III	1814	1824	Restored
	Leopoldo II	1824	1859	son of Ferdinando III
	Ferdinando IV	1859	1860	son of Leopoldo II

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.

Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present

• Ferdinando IV 1860–1908
• Giuseppe Ferdinando 1908–1921
• Pietro Ferdinando 1921–1948
• Goffredo 1948–1984
• Leopoldo Francesco 1984–1993
• Sigismondo 1993–Present

See also

• List of Tuscan consorts
• Grand Duchy of Tuscany
• History of Tuscany