List of rulers of Taiwan

This is a list of the highest-ranked rulers based on the island of Taiwan.

Part of a series on the
History of Taiwan
Chronological
Prehistory to 1624
Dutch Formosa 1624–1662
Spanish Formosa 1626–1642
Kingdom of Tungning 1662–1683
Qing rule 1683–1895
Japanese rule 1895–1945
Republic of China rule 1945–present
Topical
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Dutch and Spanish Formosa (1624–1662)

Dutch Formosa (1624–1662)

The Dutch Empire, during the period of the Dutch United Provinces and under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), attempted to conquer Macau in 1622. Later they colonized the Pescadores Islands, where they built a fort in Makung. In 1624, the Chinese attacked, and the Dutch were driven to Taiwan (then called Formosa, meaning "beautiful island"). That year they established Fort Zeelandia on Taiwan's southwest coast. In 1637, the Dutch conquered Favorolang (also Favorlang; present day Huwei, Yunlin). The names listed here are the Dutch governors:[1]

Dutch Formosa (Nederlands Formosa)
PortraitNameFrom Until
1 Martinus Sonck1624 1625[2]
2 Gerard Frederikszoon de With1625 1627
3 Pieter Nuyts1627 1629
4 Hans Putmans1629 1636
5 Johan van der Burg1636 1640[2]
6 Paulus Traudenius1640 1643
7 Maximilian le Maire1643 1644
8 François Caron1644 1646
9 Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater1646 1649
10 Nicolas Verburg1649 1653
11 Cornelis Caesar1653 1656
12 Frederick Coyett1656 1662

Spanish Formosa (1626–1642)

In response to the Dutch settlements, the Spanish settled at Keelung on the northeast coast of the island in 1626 and built Fort San Salvador. Later they built another outpost, Fort San Domingo, at Tamsui in the northwest. In 1629 these forts had a combined total of about 200 Spaniards and 400 Filipinos. By 1635, the Tamsui settlement was abandoned; however, the Keelung settlement remained in Spanish hands until 1642, when a Dutch force of 11 ships and 1,000 men attacked the fort of 446 people. The Spanish surrendered.

Governor-General of the Spanish East Indies
Spanish Formosa (Hermosa Española)
PortraitNameFrom Until Monarch
1 Fernándo de Silva

Ad Interim

July, 1624 June 29, 1626

Philip IV

House of Habsburg

(31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)

2 Juan Niño de TaboraJune 29, 1626 July 22, 1632
3 Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri

Real Audiencia

July 22, 1632 1633
4 Juan Cerezo de Salamanca

Ad Interim

August 29, 1633 June 25, 1635
5 Sebastián Hurtado de CorcueraJune 25, 1635 August 11, 1644

Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683)

The Southern Ming (Ming Dynasty loyalists) invaded Taiwan under Koxinga, expelling the Dutch and capturing Fort Zeelandia. They established the Kingdom of Tungning.

Kingdom of Tungning 【東寧王國】
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Title(s)Reign
(Lunar calendar)
1 Koxinga
(Zheng Chenggong)

鄭成功
Zhèng Chénggōng (Mandarin)
Tēⁿ Sêng-kong (Taiwanese)
Chhang Sṳ̀n-kûng (Hakka)
(1624–1662)
Prince of Yanping (延平王)
Prince Wu of Chao (潮武王)
14 June 1661
Yongli 15-5-18
23 June 1662
Yongli 16-5-8
2 Zheng Xi
鄭襲
Zhèng Xí (Mandarin)
Tēⁿ Si̍p (Taiwanese)
Chhang Si̍p (Hakka)
(1625–?)
Protector (護理) 23 June 1662
Yongli 16-5-8
November 1662
Yongli 17
3 Zheng Jing
鄭經
Zhèng Jīng (Mandarin)
Tēⁿ Keng (Taiwanese)
Chhang Kîn (Hakka)
(1642–1681)
Prince of Yanping (延平王)
Prince Wen of Chao (潮文王)
November 1662
Yongli 17
17 March 1681
Yongli 35-1-28
4 Zheng Kezang
鄭克𡒉
Zhèng Kèzāng (Mandarin)
Tēⁿ Khek-chong (Taiwanese)
Chhang Khiet-chong (Hakka)
(1662–1681)
Prince Regent (監國) 17 March 1681
Yongli 35-1-28
19 March 1681
Yongli 35-1-30
5 Zheng Keshuang*
鄭克塽
Zhèng Kèshuǎng (Mandarin)
Tēⁿ Khek-sóng (Taiwanese)
Chhang Khiet-sóng (Hakka)
(1670–1707)
Prince of Yanping (延平王)
Duke Haicheng (海澄公)
19 March 1681
Yongli 35-1-30
5 September 1683
Yongli 37-8-13

* Regency of Feng Xifan from 1682 to 1683.

Taiwan under Qing rule (1683–1895)

Taiwan-Amoy Circuit (1683–1721)

The Qing Dynasty invaded Taiwan; the Ming rulers surrendered and were expelled.

Taiwan-Xiamen Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡台灣廈門道, 1687—1727)
Commissioner Start of office

Taiwan Circuit (1721–1885)

Qing rule was reestablished after a month-long revolt. The Taiwan Circuit was established in 1727 with its seat in Taiwan-fu, unlike its predecessor, the Taiwan-Amoy Circuit, which was based in Xiamen. The Taiwan Circuit Commissioner had its powers checked by the Taiwan Circuit Investigating censors.

Taiwan Military Circuit Commissioner (福建分巡臺灣兵備道, 1767-1791)
Commissioner Start of office
Provincial Censor-ranked Taiwan Military Circuit Commissioner (按察使銜分巡台灣兵備道, 1791-1895)
Commissioner Start of office

Governor of Fukien-Taiwan Province (1885–1895)

Great Qing Empire 【大清】
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
AncestryOriginal PostTerm of Office
(Lunar calendar)
Monarch
1 Liu Mingchuan
劉銘傳
Liú Míngchuán (Mandarin)
Lâu Bêng-thoân (Taiwanese)
Liù Mèn-chhòn (Hakka)
(1836–1896)
Hefei, Anhui Governor of Fukien12 October 1885
Guangxu 11-9-5
4 June 1891
Guangxu 17-4-28

Guangxu Emperor
光緒皇帝

Shen Yingkui[3]
沈應奎
Shěn Yìngkuí (Mandarin)
Tîm Èng-khe (Taiwanese)
Chhṳ̀m En-khùi (Hakka)
Pinghu, ZhejiangCivil Affairs Minister, Fukien Province4 June 1891
Guangxu 17-4-28
25 November 1891
Guangxu 17-10-24
2 Shao Youlian
邵友濂
Shào Yǒulián (Mandarin)
Siō Iú-liâm (Taiwanese)
Seu Yû-liàm (Hakka)
(1840–1901)
Yuyao, ZhejiangGovernor of Hunan9 May 1891
Guangxu 17-4-2
13 October 1894
Guangxu 20-9-15
3 Tang Jingsong
唐景崧
Táng Jǐngsōng (Mandarin)
Tn̂g Kéng-siông (Taiwanese)
Thòng Kín-chhiùng (Hakka)
(1841–1903)
Guanyang, GuangxiCivil Affairs Minister, Fukien-Taiwan Province13 October 1894
Guangxu 20-9-15
20 May 1895
Guangxu 21-4-26

Republic of Formosa (1895)

The Republic of Formosa was a short-lived republic that existed on the island of Taiwan in 1895 between the formal cession of Taiwan by the Qing Dynasty of China to the Empire of Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki and its being taken over by Japanese troops. The Republic was proclaimed on 23 May 1895 and extinguished on 21 October, when the Republican capital Tainan was taken over by the Japanese.

Republic of Formosa【臺灣民主國】
Portrait Name

(Birth–Death)

Place of Birth Term of Office Days
1 Tang Ching-sung

唐景崧

Táng Jǐngsōng (Mandarin)
Tn̂g Kéng-siông (Taiwanese)
Thòng Kín-chhiùng (Hakka)
(1841–1903)
President

Guilin, Guangxi,  China 25 May 1895

Yongqing 1-5-25
Guangxu 21-5-2
Meiji 28-5-25

5 June 1895

Yongqing 1-6-5
Meiji 28-6-5

13
2 Liu Yung-fu

劉永福

Liú Yǒngfú (Mandarin)
Lâu Éng-hok (Taiwanese)
Liû Yún-fuk (Hakka)
(1837–1917)
Commander-in-chief

Qinzhou, Guangxi,  China 5 June 1895

Yongqing 1-6-5
Meiji 28-6-5

21 October 1895

Yongqing 1-10-21
Meiji 28-10-21

138

Taiwan under Japanese rule (1895–1945)

After establishing control over the island, the Japanese used the French Empire model of an occupying force and were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they built railroads, a sanitation system and a public school system, among other things. Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the empire.

In 1941, war broke out when the Japanese attacked the U.S. naval port of Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. By 1945, desperate plans were in place to incorporate popular representation of Taiwan into the Imperial Diet to end colonial rule of the island and transfer occupying troops to the front lines to fight the Allies. The names listed here are the Japanese governor-generals:

  Military   Rikken Seiyūkai   Kenseikai   Rikken Minseitō

Empire of Japan 「大日本帝國」
Portrait Name Origin Occupation Affiliation Term of Office Monarch
1 Kabayama Sukenori
樺山資紀
Kagoshima Admiral (Imperial Japanese Navy) (Viscount)Military10 May 1895

Emperor Meiji
明治天皇

2 Katsura Tarō
桂太郎
YamaguchiLieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)Military2 June 1896
3 Nogi Maresuke
乃木希典
YamaguchiLieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)Military14 October 1896
4 Kodama Gentarō
兒玉源太郎
YamaguchiLieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)Military26 February 1898
5 Sakuma Samata
佐久間左馬太
YamaguchiGeneral (Imperial Japanese Army) (Viscount)Military11 April 1906

Emperor Taishō
大正天皇

6 Andō Teibi
安東貞美
NaganoGeneral (Imperial Japanese Army) (Baron)Military1 May 1915
7 Akashi Motojiro
明石元二郎
FukuokaLieutenant General (Imperial Japanese Army)Military6 June 1918
8 Den Kenjirō
田健治郎
HyōgoMember of Terauchi Cabinet (Baron)Seiyūkai29 October 1919
9 Uchida Kakichi
內田嘉吉
TokyoMember of House of PeersSeiyūkai6 September 1923
10 Izawa Takio
伊澤多喜男
NaganoMember of House of PeersKenseikai1 September 1924
11 Kamiyama Mitsunoshin
上山滿之進
Yamaguchiliterary figureKenseikai16 July 1926

Emperor Shōwa
昭和天皇

12 Kawamura Takeji
川村竹治
AkitaMember of House of PeersSeiyūkai16 June 1928
13 Ishizuka Eizō
石塚英藏
FukushimaMember of House of PeersMinseitō30 July 1929
14 Ōta Masahiro
太田政弘
YamagataDirector of Kwantung Leased TerritoryMinseitō16 January 1931
15 Minami Hiroshi
南弘
ToyamaMember of House of PeersSeiyūkai2 March 1932
16 Nakagawa Kenzō
中川健蔵
NiigataUndersecretary of EducationMinseitō26 May 1932
17 Seizō Kobayashi
小林躋造
HiroshimaAdmiral (Imperial Japanese Navy)Military2 September 1936
18 Hasegawa Kiyoshi
長谷川清
FukuiAdmiral (Imperial Japanese Navy)Military27 November 1940
19 Andō Rikichi
安藤利吉
MiyagiGeneral (Imperial Japanese Army)Military30 December 1944

Taiwan after World War II (from 1945)

Following the end of World War II in 1945, under the terms of the Instrument of Surrender of Japan, Japan provisionally accepted the Potsdam Declaration (which referenced the never-signed Cairo Declaration), under which the island was to be transferred to the Republic of China. ROC troops were authorized to come to Taiwan to accept the surrender of Japanese military forces and occupy Taiwan[4] on behalf of Allied Powers in General Order No. 1, issued by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, on 2 September 1945. ROC troops were later transported to Keelung by the U.S. Navy, and Japanese handed the control of Taiwan to the ROC on 25 October 1945. Following its defeat in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Premier Yan Xishan proclaimed the ROC Government's relocation to Taiwan (where it exists until today), thus replacing the Provincial Chairperson as the highest-ranked executive official on Taiwan. This lasted until March 1950, when Chiang Kai-shek resumed his duties as President in Taipei.

  Kuomintang   Democratic Progressive Party

Governor of Taiwan Province (1945–1949)

Republic of China (ROC)【中華民國】
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of OfficePolitical Party
Chief Executive of Taiwan Province
1 Chen Yi
陳儀
Chén Yí (Mandarin)
Tân Gî (Taiwanese)
Chhṳ̀n Ngì (Hakka)
(1883-1950)
29 August 194522 April 1947 Kuomintang
Chairperson of the Taiwan Provincial Government
1 Wei Tao-ming
魏道明
Wèi Dàomíng (Mandarin)
Gūi Tō-bêng (Taiwanese)
Ngui Tho-mìn (Hakka)
(1899-1978)
16 May 19475 January 1949 Kuomintang
2 Chen Cheng
陳誠
Chén Chéng (Mandarin)
Tân Sêng (Taiwanese)
Chhṳ̀n Sṳ̀n (Hakka)
(1897–1965)
5 January 194921 December 1949 Kuomintang

President of the Republic of China (from 1 March 1950)

Republic of China (ROC)【中華民國】- Taiwan
PortraitName
(Birth–Death)
Term of Office TermElectionsPolitical PartyVice President
Presidents elected by the National Assembly
1 Chiang Kai-shek
蔣中正
Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng (Mandarin)
Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k (Taiwanese)
Chióng Kie-sa̍k (Hakka)
(1887–1975)
1 March 195020 May 1954 1KuomintangLi Zongren (1950–1954)[5]
Vacant (1954)
20 May 195420 May 1960 21954 1,507 (96.91%)Chen Cheng
20 May 196020 May 1966 31960 1,481 (93.97%)Chen Cheng (1960–1965)[6]
Vacant (1965-1966)
20 May 196620 May 1972 41966 1,405 (98.60%)Yen Chia-kan
20 May 19725 April 1975 51972 1,308 (99.39%)
2 Yen Chia-kan
嚴家淦
Yán Jiāgàn (Mandarin)
Giâm Ka-kàm (Taiwanese)
Ngiàm Kâ-kàm (Hakka)
(1905–1993)
6 April 197520 May 1978 KuomintangVacant
3 Chiang Ching-kuo
蔣經國
Jiǎng Jīngguó (Mandarin)
Chiúⁿ Keng-kok (Taiwanese)
Chióng Kîn-koet (Hakka)
(1910–1988)
20 May 197820 May 1984 61978 1,184 (98.34%)KuomintangHsieh Tung-min
20 May 198413 January 1988 71984 1,012 (95.11%)Lee Teng-hui
4 Lee Teng-hui
李登輝
Lǐ Dēnghuī (Mandarin)
Lí Teng-hui (Taiwanese)
Lí Tên-fî (Hakka)
(1923–2020)
13 January 198820 May 1990 KuomintangVacant
20 May 199020 May 1996 81990 641 (85.24%)Lee Yuan-tsu
Presidents elected by popular vote
4 Lee Teng-hui
李登輝
Lǐ Dēnghuī (Mandarin)
Lí Teng-hui (Taiwanese)
Lí Tên-fî (Hakka)
(1923–2020)
20 May 199620 May 2000 91996 5,813,699 (54.0%)KuomintangLien Chan
5 Chen Shui-bian
陳水扁
Chén Shuǐbiǎn (Mandarin)
Tân Chúi-píⁿ (Taiwanese)
Chhṳ̀n Súi-pién (Hakka)
(born 1950)
20 May 200020 May 2004 102000 4,977,737 (39.3%)Democratic ProgressiveAnnette Lu
20 May 200420 May 2008 112004 6,446,900 (50.11%)
6 Ma Ying-jeou
馬英九
Mǎ Yīngjiǔ (Mandarin)
Má Eng-kiú (Taiwanese)
Mâ Yîn-kiú (Hakka)
(born 1950)
20 May 200820 May 2012 122008 7,658,724 (58.45%)KuomintangVincent Siew
20 May 201220 May 2016 132012 6,891,139 (51.60%)Wu Den-yih
7 Tsai Ing-wen
蔡英文
Cài Yīngwén (Mandarin)
Chhòa Eng-bûn (Taiwanese)
Chhai Yîn-vun (Hakka)
Tjuku Tsai (Paiwan)
(born 1956)
20 May 201620 May 2020 142016 6,894,744 (56.1%)Democratic ProgressiveChen Chien-jen
20 May 2020Incumbent 152020 8,170,231 (57.13%)Lai Ching-te
gollark: The last one is probably "doctor of science".
gollark: You could probably tag cars automatically if you had tons of manually tagged ones for training.
gollark: If I had to do a particularly long form like this I'd write some accursed JS to pick all the answers randomly.
gollark: 9.
gollark: Are you good at biology?

See also

References

  1. Information from 郭弘斌 (2003)
  2. Died in office.
  3. As acting; Fukien-Taiwan Province Civil Affairs Minister.
  4. HC Deb 04 February 1955 vol 536 c159W. "In September, 1945, the administration of Formosa was taken over from the Japanese by Chinese forces at the direction of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers; but this was not a cession, nor did it in itself involve any change of sovereignty. The arrangements made with Chiang Kai-shek put him there on a basis of military occupation pending further arrangements, and did not of themselves constitute the territory Chinese."
  5. Impeached, recalled in 1954.
  6. Chen Cheng, Died on 5 March 1965.
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