List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility: A

Main article: List of nicknames of European royalty and nobility

A

• Abd al-Malik the Victorious (al-Muzaffar) [1]
• Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo the Loyal, the Victorious [2]
• Abd ar-Rahman I the Immigrant, the Just
• Abd-ar-Rahman III al-Nasir (the Defender of the Faith), the Victor for the Religion of Allah (Ar. an Nasir li-din Allah), the Victorious
• Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan the Saint [3]
• Abdulhamid II, Ottoman Sultan the Bloody, the Damned [4][5]
• Abdul Hamid II the Red Sultan [6]
• Abdul Hamid II the Cunning [4]
• Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan Kizil [7]
• Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII, Sultan of Granada Boabdil, the Moor
• Abu l-Hasan Ali, Sultan of Granada Muley Hacén
• Adalbero of Styria the Richa
• Adalbert I of Vermandois the Righteous
• Adalbert I of Tuscany the Great [8]
• Adalbert of Prague the Apostle of Bohemia, the Apostle of the Prussians, the Apostle of the Slavs, the Saint [9]
• Adalbert II of Tuscany the Rich [8][10]
• Adelaide of Italy the Saint
• Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg Adolf of Nassau
• Adolf, Count Palatine of the Rhine the Upright
• Adolph of the Palatinate the Simple
• Áed of Scotland Aed of the Swift Foot [11]
• Áed Allán the Handsome [12]
• Aed Find, King of Scots Dal Riata, c748-778, Airechtech (of the Assemblies), the Fair (Find), the White [13]
• Áed Oirdnide mac Néill the Anointed, the Dignified, the Ordained [12]
• Áedán mac Gabráin Fradawg
• Aelfwynn the Lady of the Mercians
• Aemilian the Barracks Emperor, the Emperor of the Army [14]
• Afridun I the Martyr
• Æthelthryth the Saint
• Athelstan of England the Glorious
• Æthelfrith of Northumbria Æthelfrith the Twister (Eadfered Flesaurs) [15]
• Agesilaus II the Lame [16]
• Agnes of Bohemia Agnes of Praque, the Saint [17][18]
• Agnes Dunbar, 4th Countess of Moray Black Agnes of Dunbar, the Savior of Dunbar Castle [19][20][21]
• Agnes Sorel Dame de Beauté, la Dame de Beaute [22]
• Afonso I of Portugal Afonso Henriques, the Conqueror, the Great, the Father of the Portuguese Nation, the Founder [23]
• Afonso II of Portugal the Fat, the Lawgiver-King
• Afonso III of Portugal le Neveu, the Bolognian, the Usurper
• Afonso IV of Portugal the Bold, the Brave
• Afonso V of Portugal the African
• Afonso VI of Portugal the Victorious
• Afonso de Albuquerque the Great, the Portuguese Mars [24][25][26]
• Agilulf the Thuringian
• Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan the Lucky [27]
• Ahmed, son of Boabdil, the Young Prince (Sp. el Infantico)[28]
• Ahmed (d. 1451), son of Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, the Little, the Small
• Ainbcellach mac Ferchair the Good
• Aimone of Savoy the Peaceful
• Al-Hakam I el Motín del Arrabal
• Alan I, Duke of Brittany the Great
• Alan II, Duke of Brittany of the Twisted Beard (Fr. Barbe-Torte)
• Alan III, Duke of Brittany Alan of Rennes
• Alan de Bretagne, 1st Earl of Richmond the Black
• Albert, Duke of Saxony the Resolute
• Albert I of Belgium the Chivalrous King
• Albert I of Brandenburg Albert of Ballenstadt, the Bear,[29] the Fair
• Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg the Great
• Alice Perrers the Devil's Tool [30]
• Alonzo Telez I, Lord of Meneses (d. 1230) the Old
• Alberico da Barbiano the Great
• Albert I, Prince of Monaco the King of the Oceans, the Learned Prince, the Navigator Prince, the Wise Prince [31][32]
• Albert I, Lord of Carpi, 1450–1464 the Old
• Albert I of Brandenburg the Handsome
• Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg the Tall
• Albert II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing the Young, the Younger
• Albert II of Austria the Lame, the Prudent, the Wise
• Albert II of Germany Albert V of Austria the Generous, the Illustrious, the Liberal, the Magnanimous
• Albert II of Mecklenburg the Fox of Mecklenburg'
• Albert II, Margrave of Meissen the Decadent, the Degenerate
• Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg the Lion
• Albert III, Duke of Bavaria the Pious [33]
• Albert III, Duke of Saxony the Bold, the Brave, the Saxon Roland, der Heldenmütige, the German Hector
• Albert III, Margrave of Brandenburg the Achilles of Germany
• Albert III of Austria Albert of the Long Hair
• Albert III, Count of Habsburg (d. 1199) the Rich
• Albert III of Hohenberg-Rottenburg (1265–1304) Rosselman
• Albert IV, Count of Habsburg the Wise
• Albert IV, Duke of Austria the Patient [16]
• Albert IV of Austria the Peculiar, the Wonderful
• Albert IV of Bavaria the Wise [34]
• Albert V, Duke of Bavaria the Generous, the Liberal, the Magnanimous, the Practical
• Albert VI of Bavaria the Leuchtenberger
• Albert VI, Archduke of Austria the Spendthrift
• Albert VI, Duke of Austria the Prodigal [16]
• Albert the Fat, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg [35]
• Albert VII, Archduke of Austria the Pious
• Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg the Handsome
• Albert, Burgrave of Nuremberg (d. 1361) the Handsome
• Albert, Margrave of Massa and Corsica Corso [8]
• Albert, Margrave of Parodi (d.c1166) Zueta [8]
• Albert of Liège the Saint
• Albert of Nuremberg the Fair
• Albert of Sweden the Young, the Younger [36]
• Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach Alcibiades, the Warlike, the Young, the Younger
• Albert Radziwill (1558-1592), Grand Marshal of Lithuania the Lithuanian Justinian
• Alberto IV, Margrave of Massa and Corsica Rufo [8]
• Alessandro IV, Lord of Piombino, 1329-1337 the Weak
• Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence the Moor, Alessandro da Collavechio [37] [38]
• Alessandro Farnese (cardinal) the Great Cardinal (It. il Gran Cardinale) [39][40][41]
• Alexander (1598–1629) le Chevalier des Halles, natural son of Henry IV of France and Gabrielle d'Estrées
• Alexander I, Grand Prince of Tver the Saint
• Alexander I, Lord of Piombino the Conqueror [42]
• Alexander I, Prince of Wallachia the Great
• Alexander I of Georgia the Great
• Alexander I of Macedon the Philhellene
• Alexander I of Russia the Blessed the Crafty Greek, the Talma of the North,[43] the Sphinx of Europe, the Sphinx of the North[44][45][46]
• Alexander I of Scotland the Fierce
• Alexander I of Yugoslavia the Knightly King, the Unifier [47]
• Alexander II, Prince of Pskov, 1327–1337 the Exile
• Alexander II, Prince of Suzdal, 1414–1417 the Pot Belly
• Alexander II of Russia the Liberator [48]
• Alexander II of Scotland the Peaceful [49]
• Alexander III, Grand Prince of Suzdal Briukhatiy, Bryukhatiy [50]
• Alexander III of Russia the Peacemaker, the Peasants' Friend [51][52]
• Alexander III of Scotland the Glorious
• Alexander IV of Pskov the Chip
• Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken the Limp
• Alexander, Prince of Moldavia the Evil Prince
• Alexander, Prince of Moldavia, 1785–1786 the Fugitive
• Alexander, Prince of Wallachia, 1592–1593 the Bad
• Alexander, Prince of Wallachia the Child-Prince
• Alexander, Prince of Yaroslavl, 1434–1463 Briukhatiy, Bryukhatiy
• Alexander of Tver the Fugitive
• Alexander the Great the Accursed, the Cursed, the Conqueror of the World, the Philosopher-King, the Great, Macedonia's Madman, the Madman of Macedonia [53][54]
• Alexander Boyd (d. 1469) the Mirror of Chivalry [55]
• Alexander Gordon, 2nd Duke of Gordon Cockalorum [56]
• Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon the Cock o' the North
• Alexander Gordon of Auchintool Sandy Don [56]
• Alexander Hamilton, 10th Duke of Hamilton the Proudest Man in Britain [57][58]
• Alexander Kurakin the Diamond Prince
• Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Crawford The Tiger Earl
• Alexander MacCoinneach, 7th Lord of Kintail (1398–1488) the Upright
• Alexander Mackenzie, Lord of Kintail the Upright [59]
• Alexander Mavrocordato, Prince of Moldavia the Mad Prince
• Alexander Nevsky the Saint,[60] Alexander of the Neva
• Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan the Wolf of Badenoch, Big Alexander, the Celtic Attila Wolf of Badenoch
• Alexander Suvorov the Russian Hannibal [61]
• Alexander I Musat, Prince of Moldavia the Kind
• Alexios I of Trebizond the Great
• Alexis I of Russia the Antichrist, the Quietest, the Most Quiet, the Most Peaceful, the Most Meek [62][63]
• Alexios V, Byzantine Emperor the Bushy-Eyebrowed Murtzuphlus [64]
• Alfonso I of Asturias His Catholic Majesty [65]
• Alfonso I of Aragon the Battler, the Warrior
• Alfonso II of Aragon the Chaste, the Troubadour, the Minstrel
• Alfonso II of Asturias the Chaste
• Alfonso III of Aragon the Magnificent, the Free, the Do-Gooder, the Magnanimous
• Alfonso III of Asturias the Great
• Alfonso IV of Aragon the Good, the Kind, the Benign
• Alfonso IV of Leon the Monk [66]
• Alfonso V, Count of Ribagorza the Young, the Younger [67] the Young, the Younger
• Alfonso V of Leon the Noble
• Alfonso V of Aragon the Magnanimous [68] [69]
• Alfonso VI of Castile the Brave, Emperor of the Two Religions
• Alfonso VII of Castile the Emperor, the Good
• Alfonso VIII of Castile He of the Victory at Las Navas, the Child-King (Sp. el Rey Niño), the Noble, the Noble and Good [70]
• Alfonso IX of Leon the Slobberer
• Alfonso X of Castile the Astronomer, the Learned ,[71] the Wise
• Alfonso XI of Castile He of Salado River, the Avenger, the Implacable, the Just Image:Alfonsoxialgeciras.jpg
• Alfonso XII the Pacific
• Alfonso de la Cerda the Disinherited [72]
• Alfonso Fróilaz the Hunchback
• Alfonso of Aragon, 1st Duke of Villahermosa (1415–1485), the Great
• Alonso Pérez de Guzmán El Bueno the Good [73]
• Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Alfie
• Alfred the Great the Father of the Navy, the Marsh King [74][75]
• 'Ali Abu-l-Hasan of Granada the Well-Known
• Amadeus I of Savoy Coda, the Tail ("His nickname was acquired after he refused to enter the presence of Emperor Heinrich III at Verona after his retinue ('queue') was refused entry.") [76]
• Amadeus III of Savoy the Great [77]
• Amadeus IV of Savoy le Loue
• Amadeus V of Savoy the Great Count
• Amadeus VI of Savoy the Green Count
• Amadeus VII of Savoy the Red Count[78]
• Amadeus VIII of Savoy the Gatekeeper of the Alps, the Peaceful [79]
• Amadeus IX of Savoy the Blessed,[80] the Lucky, the Merry
• Amanieu d'Albret Cardinal d'Albret [81]
• Amaury III, Lord of Montfort (d. 1090) the Mighty [82]
• Amlaíb Conung King of the Foreigners
• Amédée de Noé Cham [54]
• Amyntas II "The Little", "Small" [83]
• Anastasius I (emperor) Dicorus (Gr. Dikoros, one eye blue and one black), Two-Pupils, the Silent [16]
• André Boniface Louis de Riqueti, vicomte de Mirabeau Mirabeau Barrel [84]
• André Masséna Victory's Beloved Child, the Favored Child of Victory,[85][86][87] the Dear Child of Victory (Fr. l'Enfant Chéri de la Victoire ), the Engraver of History, the Greatest Name of My Military Empire (by Napoleon I) [87]
• Andrea Doria the Father of the County, the Father of Peace [22]
• Andrei Bogolyubsky Bogolyubsky ("His nickname 'Bogolyubksy' came from the castle of Bogolyubovo which was his favourite residence."),the God-Loving [88][89]
• Andrei, Duke of Vologda (1452-1481) the Young, the Younger
• Andrei, Prince Gorbaty-Shuiski (d. after 1550) Suchyok [50]
• Andrei, Prince of Pereyaslavl, 1134–1141 the Good
• Andrew I of Hungary the Catholic
• Andrew II of Hungary the Jerusalem-Farer
• Andrew III of Hungary the Venetian ("Born from a Venetian mother, he was brought up in the Republic.") [90]
• Andrew III of Pskov (1480) the Nail
• Prince Andrew, Duke of York Air Miles Andy, the Junket of York, the Duke of Yob, the Prince of Freebies [91][92]
• Andrey, Grand Prince of Suzdal, 1341–1355 the Pious
• Andrey II, Grand Prince of Suzdal, 1263–1264 the Emperor
• Andrey Bolshoy the Big
• Andrey, Prince of Shuisky Chastokol [50]
• Andrey, Prince of Vologda (1452–1481) Menshoy (the Smaller)
• Andronicus I Comnenus the Liberator
• Andronicus II the Old, the Father of the County
• Andronicus III Palaeologus the Young, the Younger
• Angilbert the Saint''
• Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius the Last of the Romans, the Saint [93]
• Anna of Russia the National Matchmaker [94]
• Anna Comnena the First Female Historian [95]
• Anna Porphyrogeneta of Byzantium the Purple-Born, wife of Vladimir I of Kiev [96]
• Anna Throndsen the Scottish Lady (Skottefruen) [97]
• Anne of Cleves the Flanders Mare [98] Blackamoor
• Anne, Queen of Great Britain Brandy Nan,[99] Mrs. Bull, Mrs. Morley
• Anne, Duchess of Maine the Queen of the Bees
• Anne, Princess Royal Princess Sourpuss [100]
• Anne de Montmorency the French Fabius [65][101]
• Anne-Benedicte of Bourbon-Conde the Doll of the Blood, the Royal Doll, the Little Black Beetle, wife of Louis, Duke of Maine and illegitimate son of King Louis XIV of France [102]
• Anne Boleyn Anne of the Thousand Days, the Concubine [103]
• Anne Colquhoun the Fair Maid of Luss [104]
• Lady Anne Farquharson-MacKintosh Colonel Anne, la Belle Rebelle [105][105]
• Anne Parsons the Duke of Grafton's Mrs. Houghton, the Duke of Dorset's Mrs. Houghton, Everybody's Mrs. Houghton (Alias Mrs. Houghton) [106]
• Anne-Claude-Louise d'Arpajon Madame l'Etiquette [65][107]
• Annora de Braose the Anchoress,[108] the Recluse of Iffley[108][109]
• Anselm, Count of Saint Pol Candavene [110]
• Anselm of Schonborn (1727–1801) the Posthumous
• Ansfred I the Dane
• Anthemius "The Little Greek" [111]
• Anthony II of Inhausen and Knyphausen the Posthumous
• Anthony, Lord of Croy (1390–1475) the Great
• Anthony, Prince of Wallachia, 1669–1672 Voda din Popesti
• Anthony of Burgundy (1421-1504) the Great [112]
• Anthony Clement of Saxony the Kind
• Antigonus I Monophthalmus the One-Eyed
• Antipater II of Macedon Antipater Etesias [83]
• Antoine, Duke of Lorraine the Good
• Antoine of Ligne "le Grand Diable" [113]
• Antoninus Pius the Adoptive Emperor
• Antonio I of Monaco Goliath [114]
• Antonio, Prior of Crato the Fighter, the Independentist, the Determined
• Anund Gårdske Anund the Russian
• Anund Jacob of Sweden the Coal-Burner, Kolbränna
• Archambaud I, Sire de Bourbon the French [115]
• Archambaud I, 1st Viscount of Comborn, Turenne and Ventadour, 959–996 the Butcher, Jambe Pourrie [116]
• Archambaud II, Lord of Bourbon le Vert, the Old [115]
• Archambaud II of Comborn le Boucher [117]
• Archambaud III, Lord of Bourbon du Montet, the Young, the Younger, Archambaud of Montet [115][116]
• Archambaud IV, Lord of Bourbon (1047–1078) the Bold, the Strong [115][116]
• Archambaud V, Lord of Bourbon the Pious [115][116]
• Archambaud VI, Count of Périgord, 1395–1399, the Young, the Younger
• Archambaud VII, Lord of Bourbon the Strong [115]
• Archambaud VIII, Sire de Bourbon the Great, the Young, the Younger [116]
• Ardolf I, Count of Guisnes (966–996) the Posthumous
• Art mac Cuinn the Lone, the Solitary
• Arthur I, Duke of Brittany the Posthumous
• Arthur III of Brittany the Justiciar [118]
• Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus Bell-the-cat, The Great Earl.
• Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Douglas Victon [119]
• Archibald Douglas, 3rd Earl of Douglas The Grim, Black Archibald
• Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas the Loser, Tyneman [120]
• Archibald Douglas of Kilspindie Grey Steill, Greysteel [121]
• Archibald Douglas (died 1333) the Loser, Tyneman
• Arduin of Italy Arduin of Ivrea
• Arnaud I, Count of Angoulême (d.992), the Bastard
• Arnold III of Guînes (c.1225–?), the Great, the Old
• Arnold of Egmond
• Arnulf the Bad
• Arnulf of Carinthia the Great
• Arnulf of Metz Arnulf of Herstal [122]
• Arnulf I, Count of Flanders the Elder, the Great, the Lame, the Old, the Rich [123]
• Arnulf II, Count of Flanders the Young, the Younger
• Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria the Red Archduchess, the Red Princess [124]
• Aron Tiranul the Tyrant
• Arthur III, Duke of Brittany the Constable [118]
• Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington the Eagle, Europe's Liberator, the Iron Duke , Old, the Liberator of Europe, the Peer, the Savior of Europe, Douro, the Achilles of England, the Beau, Nosey, Old Nosey [125][126][127][127][65][128]
• Aruj Barbarossa, the Redbeard
• Ashot I Kuropalates the Great, the Saint
• Ashot II Ashot of Iron [129]
• Ashot II, King of Georgia, 923–954 der Kuche
• Ashot III Bagratuni the Blind
• Ashot III the Charitable, the Gracious, the Merciful [130][131] [129]
• Ashot IV (VIII), King of Armenia, 1021–1039 the Brave
• Ashot Bagratuni (d.826) the Meat-Eater, the Man-Eater [130]
• Asmund (d. 1065) Free-Booter, nephew of Sweyn II of Denmark
• Atenulf III of Benevento Carinola [132]
• Athanaric the Judge of the Visigoths [133]
• Attila the Hun Flagellum Dei [22]
• Attilio IV, Prince of Elba and Piombino the Pious [42]
• Attila the Hun the Hun, the Terror of the World [16]
• Aud the Deep-Minded
• August II the Strong the Iron Hand,[134] the Saxon Hercules,[134] the Strong[134]
• Auguste Louis Philippe Emmanuel de Croÿ, 9th Duke of Croÿ the Handsome Auguste
• Auguste Marmont Monsieur de Culfier le Roi Marmont
• Augustus III of Poland the Fat, the Saxon
• Augustus Pater atque Princeps (Father and Prince), the Father of the County [54]
• Augustus, Elector of Saxony the Lucky, the Saxon Justinian, Father Augustus, the Father
• Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg the Young, the Younger
• August Aleksander Czartoryski the Prince Palatine [135]
• Augustus Barry (1773-1818) Newgate [136]
• Augustus Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton the Tarfu Marconi, the Royal Oak [137][137]
• Aun the Old
• Aurelian the Restorer of the East, Restitutor Orientis, the Restorer of the World (Restitutor Orbis) [138]
• Aurelian Parthicus Maximus
• Aymer, Count of Angoulême (1160–1218), Taillefer
• Aymon II, Sire de Bourbon Vaire-Veche [116]
• Azzo II, Lord of Ferrara, 1215–1264 the Young, the Younger

---

• Alain Le Roux the Red
• Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł the Intimate of Three Kings [139][139][140]
• Alexandru cel Bun the Good
• Amauri de Montfort (d.ca. 1089), Lord of Montfort l'Amaury the Strong [141]
• Amadeus III of Savoy [77][142]
• Angus MacDonald of Islay, Prince of the Isles (1270–1330) Og
• Anna of Kiev Ianka [89][143]
• Anna Radziwiłł the Intolerable Woman [144][145]
• Ansaud I, Viscount of Auxerre the Rich
• Aonghas Óg the Young, the Younger [146][147]
• Antonio Caraffa the Hyena of Eperjes [148]
• Archambaud III, Lord of Bourbon the White [115]
• Arduin III, Margrave of Turin (d.after 976) il Glabro
• Arpad (850–907), Duke of the Magyars the Hungarian
• Asparukh, Prince of Bulgaria, 681–702 le Mobereau
• Adalbert of Austria the Victorious [149]
• Adarnase II, King of Georgia, 830–867 the Elder
• Albert III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg the Ulysses [54]
• Alexander I of Yugoslavia the Unifier [47]
• Alexander III of Suzdal Vzmetenj [50]
• Afandreg Ddu of Powys the Black, wife of Cadfan ap Iago
• Alfonso VI the Victorious
• Alphonso of Brienne Alfonso of Acre [150]
• Alistair MacDonald of Keppoch Alexander MacDonald, Lord of Lochaber, Carrach
• Alan III, Duke of Brittany le Rèbre, Ruibriez [151]
• Alexandr, Prince Shuyskiy Lugvitza [50]
• Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir the Hammer of God, Almanzor, the Noble King [152] [152][153] [153]
• Angus Mor, Lord of the Isles the Elder [146][147]
• Archambaud II, Sire de Bourbon the Elder
• Archambaud V, Count of Périgord, 1369–1395, the Elder
• Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll the Uncrowned King of Scotland [154]
• Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus Bell-the-Cat
• Arduin Glaber the Bald [155]
• Arnulf III, Count of Flanders the Unlucky
• Artschil, King of Georgia, 736–786 the Martyr
• Aruj Baba Aruj, Baba Oruç (Father Aruj)
• Astrid of Sweden the Snow Princess, the Snow Queen
• Aubri, Count of Fezensac the Burgundian
• Aubrey de Vere III, 1st Earl of Oxford the Boar [156]
• Avignon Pope Clement VII the Butcher of Cesena, the Executioner of Cesena [157]
• Aymar VI, Count of Valentinois, 1345–1379 the Fat

Regnal Name

• • Alfonso V of Aragon: Alfonso I of Naples, Alfonso II of Mallorca, Alfonso II of Sardinia, Alfonso II of Corsica, Alfonso III of Valencia, Alfonso IV of Barcelona, Alfonso IV of Sicily

References

1. "Las Rutas de El legado andalusí - Fundación Pública Andaluza El legado andalusí". Legadoandalusi.es. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
2. "Las Rutas de El legado andalusí - Fundación Pública Andaluza El legado andalusí". Legadoandalusi.es. Archived from the original on 2008-05-08. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
3. Kjeilen, Tore. "Abdülhamid 1". LookLex Encyclopaedia. I-cias.com.
4. "Ottoman Web Site - Miscellaneous - FORSNET". Osmanli700.gen.tr. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
5. "Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter O | Learn Ottoman Turkish History | Pictures | Sound files | Voice recordings". Practicalturkish.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20061022054359/http://www.lbdb.com/TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5794. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved March 24, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
7. "KOPRULU/VELES (YUGOSLAVIA) OTTOMAN GARRISON'S RESPONSE TO THE 1909 RECIDIVIST UPRISING IN ISTANBUL | ESSAYS ON CENTRAL ASIA by H.B. PAKSOY | CARRIE Books". Vlib.iue.it. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
9. "sainta19.htm". Catholic-forum.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
10. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Tuscany" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 485.
11. "CHAPTER 3". Reformation.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
12. McGough, Hugh. "Irish Kings by Hugh McGough". magoo.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
13. Williams, Ann; Smyth, Alfred P.; Kirby, David Peter; Kirby, D. P. (1991). A biographical dictionary of dark ... - Google Books. ISBN 9781852640477. Retrieved 2010-10-06 – via Google Books.
14. "RomeHistory". Emp.byui.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
15. "Northumbria". Dot-domesday.me.uk. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
16. "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
17. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Agnes of Bohemia". Newadvent.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
18. https://web.archive.org/web/20060519042503/http://www.czeckitout.com/tjeck_history3.htm. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved March 10, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
19. "Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture". Heritage.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
20. Historic uk - heritage of britain accommodation guide. "The history of Scotland - Black Agnes Randolph". Historic-uk.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
21. "Antiquitas Feminae: Lady Agnes Randolph". Corrieweb.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
22. "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
23. "D. Afonso Henriques (English Version)". Vidaslusofonas.pt. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
24. "Afonso de [e-mail]". Everything2.com. 2002-12-10. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
25. "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Afonzo de Albuquerque". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
26. "goanet.com".
27. "The Ottoman Web Site - FORSNET". Osmanli700.gen.tr. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
28. "Alquería de Morayma. Who was Morayma" (in Spanish). Alqueriamorayma.com. Archived from the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
29. "Albert the Bear (Nuttall Encyclopædia)". Fromoldbooks.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
30. "Alice Perrers". Middle-ages.org.uk. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
31. "Monaco - Monte Carlo - Monegasque - Southeast France". France Monthly. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
32. "The Royal Scribe". Etoile.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 17, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
33. "Vorlesung Schmid: Bayern im Spaetmittelalter - 14. und 15. Jahrhundert, Material 3". Uni-regensburg.de. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
35. "Albrecht der Fette". Welfen.de. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
36. "Union Of Denmark, Sweden, And Norway". History-world.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
37. "Frontline: Giulia's Neo platonism". Pbs.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
38. Archived May 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
39. Alessandro Farnese Jr., che non divenne papa: Il "gran cardinale" in Canino Info
40. "Alessandro Farnese in Catholic Encyclopaedia". Newadvent.org. 1909-05-01. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
41. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church". Fiu.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
42. "Monarchs of Elba - IBWiki". Ib.frath.net. 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
43. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alexander I of Russia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 556.
44. "Alexander I". Russia.rin.ru. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
45. https://web.archive.org/web/20070102172506/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_17/17congvienna.html. Archived from the original on January 2, 2007. Retrieved March 10, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
46. "Alexander the Sphinx". Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
47. "Serbian Church in History - Church History". Orthodoxresearchinstitute.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
48. "The prophetic Russian stone". Alexandrite. 1918-07-17. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
49. "scotlandspast.org". scotlandspast.org. Archived from the original on 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
50. Marek, Miroslav (2004-01-14). "Rurikids 13". Genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
51. ""Alexander III: The Pesants' Friend" in The Story of Russia". Mainlesson.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
52. ""Alexander III" in Russia the Great". Russia.rin.ru. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
53. "Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Madman". Bartleby.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
54. "Free Online Literature and Study Guides". Bibliomania. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
55. ClanBoyd INternational. "page16". Homepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
56. James Prescott (2004-03-15). "James Prescott - Unriddling "Came Ye o'er frae France?"". Telusplanet.net. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
57. "Scotsman.com Heritage & Culture". Heritage.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
58. "Scotsman.com Living". Living.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
59. https://web.archive.org/web/20061216051330/http://www.cabarfeidh.com/clanmackenzie.htm. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
60. "Rus - Rulers". Xenophon-mil.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
61. "Suvorov - Russia's Eagle Over the Alps". Napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
62. "Alexey Mikhailovich". Russia.rin.ru. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
63. "Chapter I". Holytrinitymission.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
64. "History Of The Christian Church*". Ccel.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
65. "Character Sketches of Romance, Fiction and the Drama, Vol. 1". Manybooks.net. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
66. Lawrence Gardner Boyd (2003-07-16). "Our Ancient Ancestors". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
67. "Alfons de Gandia i d'Arenós". Grec.net. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
68. "Alphonso V Reunites Sicily and Naples". Boglewood.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
69. jeff matthews. "Around Naples Encyclopedia 17". Faculty.ed.umuc.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
70. "Chapter Ten: Alfonsine Historiography: The Literary Narrative". Libro.uca.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
71. "WebCite query result". webcitation.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009.
72. "Notes for Alfonso de la Cerda/Mahalda de Brienne". Figueredo.freeservers.com. 2002-12-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
73. "Guzman El Bueno". Digital.library.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
74. https://web.archive.org/web/20070212003231/http://arts.ucsc.edu/gdead/agdl/moon.html. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved March 11, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
75. "Welcome to the official website of the British Monarchy". Royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
76. Cawley, Charles (20 January 2011), SAVOY, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy,
77. http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/biographies_gallery.asp?path=1103%5Famadeus%5Fiii%2Ejpg&page=1%5B%5D
78. "Amedeo Vii". Digilander.libero.it. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
79. "Savoy (Traditional province, France)". Fotw.net. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
80. http://www.savoydelegation-usa.org/biographies_gallery.asp?path=1465%5Famadeus%5Fix%2Ejpg&page=1%5B%5D
81. "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 20, 1500". Fiu.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
82. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. Retrieved 2007-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
83. "All the leaders of the Greek nation". E-grammes.gr. Archived from the original on February 4, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
84. "Bob Blair". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
85. Frey, Albert Romer (1887). Sobriquets and nicknames. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 180. Retrieved 2010-10-06 – via Internet Archive. nickname.
86. "Adversaries". Wellington15.tripod.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
87. "INS Scholarship 1997: André Masséna, Prince D'Essling, in the Age of Revolution". Napoleon-series.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
88. "Kievan Rus Database (Prince: Andrei Bogolyubskii)". Unc.edu. 2009-12-26. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
89. Cawley, Charles, Russia Rurikid, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy,
90. "Biographies". Mek.oszk.hu. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
91. Adams, Guy (2006-12-09). "Prince Andrew: The playboy prince - Profiles, People - The Independent". London: News.independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
92. Patrick Barkham (2004-07-09). "The Guardian profile: Prince Andrew | UK news | The Guardian". London: Politics.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
93. "saints0g.htm". Catholic-forum.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
94. "Royal Russia - Empress Anna Ioanovna". Angelfire.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
95. "Anna Comnena". Hyperhistory.net. Archived from the original on 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
96. "Kievan Rus Database (Princess: Anna)". Unc.edu. 2009-12-26. Archived from the original on November 5, 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
97. "The Scottish Expedition in Norway in 1612". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
98. "WebCite query result". webcitation.org. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009.
99. "h2g2 - Queen Anne". BBC. 2004-01-20. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
100. https://web.archive.org/web/20070209004401/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/180%3A689/1/Princess_Anne_Mountbatten-Windsor.htm. Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
101. "The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Revised American Edition Of The Reader's Handbook, by The Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, Ll.D". Gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
102. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-04-07. Retrieved 2007-03-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
103. "Life and Times of King Henry VII and VIII". Reformation.org. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
104. https://web.archive.org/web/20070205032742/http://www.turningwood.fsnet.co.uk/rossdhuhouse.html. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
105. "lawrieweb.com". lawrieweb.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
107. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Noailles" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 723.
108. "Annora the Anchoress at St Mary's Iffley". Iffley.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
109. "The Recluses". Freespace.virgin.net. Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
110. Cawley, Charles, Northern France Nobility, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy,
111. http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:Ts2oE_wunLEJ:bss.sfsu.edu/mwilliams/hist325/collins_80-99.pdf+nicknames+of+ricimer&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=22&gl=ca%5B%5D
112. Cawley, Charles, Burgundy Dukes, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved October 2010 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help),
113. Marek, Miroslav (2009-01-23). "Ligne 2". Genealogy.euweb.cz. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
114. https://web.archive.org/web/20081101223059/http://www.monaco-consulate.com/about_history.htm. Archived from the original on November 1, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
115. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-26. Retrieved 2007-03-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
116. Cawley, Charles (19 March 2012), Aquitaine Nobility, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved October 2010 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help),
117. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-19. Retrieved 2007-03-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
118. "Arthur de Richemont, Constable of France". Xenophongroup.com. 2002-08-10. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
119. "Scots to the siege of Orléans". Perso.orange.fr. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
120. https://web.archive.org/web/20060218083311/http://www.blae.net/douglas/arch4thearldouglas.htm. Archived from the original on February 18, 2006. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
121. "The Angus Douglases". Electricscotland.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
122. "Patrick Delaforce Family History Research Chapter 49". Art-science.com. 2005-12-26. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
123. Bell Henneman, John Jr; Earp, Lawrence; Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (1995-07-24). Medieval France: an encyclopedia - Google Books. ISBN 9780203344873. Retrieved 2010-10-06 – via Google Books.
124. "Mayerling Tragedy". Visualstatistics.net. Archived from the original on 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
126. "Wellington : Strategy : Tactics : Battles : Campaigns : Political Career : Life". Napoleonistyka.atspace.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
127. "Duke of Wellington". Number10.gov.uk. 2001-02-16. Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
128. https://web.archive.org/web/20060823003100/http://www.globalhotelindex.net/mis.asp?cityid=1&pageid=271. Archived from the original on August 23, 2006. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
129. "History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian • Chapter 24". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
130. "Armenia". 10 February 2011. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
131. "Kat'oghikoi and Secular Rulers of the Armenians". Rbedrosian.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-25. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
132. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2007-03-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
133. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-14.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
135. "Chapter Vii". Uni-mannheim.de. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
136. "The Prince Regents Set". Georgian Index. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
137. "Duke of Grafton". Number10.gov.uk. 2001-02-16. Archived from the original on 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
138. https://web.archive.org/web/20070322201728/http://www.b17.com/family/lwp/chronology/empires.html. Archived from the original on March 22, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
139. "Radziwill Portraits". Radziwill.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
140. "The Courtly Lives - The Radziwill Dynasty -2". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
141. "Simon I de Montfort". Sbaldw.home.mindspring.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
142. ": : History". Savoydelegation-usa.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
143. "Kievan Rus Database (Princess: Anna Vsevolodna)". Unc.edu. 2009-12-26. Archived from the original on December 11, 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
144. "Courtly Lives - The Radziwill Dynasty - 1". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
145. "Butschal, Buszac coat of arms Abdank". Butschal.de. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
146. "Kings of the Isles: British Monarchs". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-10. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
147. "Kings of Man and the Isles". Sizes.com. 2001-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
148. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2007-03-23.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
149. https://archive.today/20071026111028/http://www.rodaun.info/regenten/regenten-030.html. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007. Missing or empty |title= (help)
150. Cawley, Charles (12 June 2011), Normandy Nobility, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved October 2010 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help),
151. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-03-26. Retrieved 2007-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
152. "Fernando Díaz Villanueva - Almanzor, el martillo de Alá - Fin de semana". Findesemana.libertaddigital.com. 1990-01-01. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
153. "Google Translate". Retrieved 2010-10-06.
154. "Overview of Archibald Campbell". Geo.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
155. Cawley, Charles (12 June 2011), NORTHERN ITALY 900-1100, Medieval Lands database, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, retrieved October 2010 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help),
156. "de beste bron van informatie over earl of oxford". Earlofoxford.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-19. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
157. "Ecclesiology". ORB. Retrieved 2010-10-06.