List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles available in the United States

This is a list of modern production highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles available in the United States for retail sales or leasing since 2008. The list also includes those plug-ins that went out-of-production but were available for retail customers beginning in 2008. The list might include some plug-in vehicles at an advanced stage of development, being tested in demonstration programs or for exclusive use of carsharing schemes.

Two plug-in electric cars charging, a Nissan Leaf all-electric car (left) and a Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid (right),

A plug-in electric vehicle (PEVs) is any motor vehicle that can be recharged from any external source of electricity, and a subcategory of electric vehicles that includes all-electric or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid vehicles, (PHEVs), and plug-in conversions of hybrid electric vehicles depending on battery size and their all-electric range.[1][2]

List of series-production plug-in electric cars
available for retail sales or leasing in the United States as of December 2019
ModelType
of PEV
All-electric
range
Market
launch
Production/sales
Chevrolet Volt
first generation

Chevrolet Volt
second generation
Plug-in hybrid
(EREV)
1st generation
MY 2011/12
35 mi (56 km)
MY 2013/15
38 mi (61 km)

2nd generation
MY 2016
53 mi (85 km)
Dec 2010 157,054 Volts sold through December 2019 (both generations).[3]
The Chevy Volt was the U.S. top selling plug-in car in 2012 and 2013.[4][5]
The Volt ranked as the U.S. all-time top selling plug-in electric car until January 2019.[6]
Production of the first generation 2015 model year Volt ended in mid-May 2015.[7]
Deliveries of the second generation Volt began in October 2015.[8]
Volt production ended in March 2019.[9]
Nissan Leaf
first generation

Nissan Leaf
second generation
Electric car 1st generation
MY 2011/12
73 mi (117 km)
to
MY 2017 (30 kWh)
107 mi (172 km)

2nd generation
MY 2018 (110 kWh)
151 mi (243 km)
Dec 2010 141,907 Leafs sold through December 2019 (both generations).[3]
The Leaf was the U.S. top selling plug-in car in 2011 and 2014.[10][5]
Smart ED
Electric car63 mi (101 km)Jan 20116,088 units registered through December 2016.
(includes 2nd and 3rd gen models).[11][5][10][12][13][14]
Deliveries of the third generation model began in May 2013.[15]
Mitsubishi i
Electric car62 miles (100 km)Dec 20112,102 units sold through December 2016.[11][10][16]
Ford Focus Electric
Electric car76 mi (122 km)[17]Dec 20116,849 units sold through December 2016.[11][5][10][12][13][18]
Deliveries to retail customers began in May 2012.
Availability is limited to New York, New Jersey and California.[19][20]
Toyota Prius PHV
first generation

Toyota Prius Prime
second generation
Plug-in hybrid1st generation
MY 2012/15
11 mi (18 km)

2nd generation
MY 2017
25 mi (40 km)
Feb 2012 Over 109,000 units sold through September 2019 (both generations).[3]
A total of 44,767 first generation units sold through December 2016.[11][21][22][23]
Production of the first generation Prius Plug-in ended in June 2015.[24]
Dealerships run out of stock of the first generation model in September 2016.[25]
Deliveries of the second generation Prius Prime began in November 2016.[26]
Tesla Model S
Electric carFrom
210 mi (340 km)
(60 kW·h - RWD)
to
315 mi (507 km)
(100 kW·h - P100DL)
Jun 2012~157,992 units sold through December 2019.[3]
The Model S was the top selling plug-in car in the U.S. between 2015 and 2017.[27]
Until December 2018, the Model S was the U.S. all-time best selling all-electric car.[6]
Ford C-Max Energi
Plug-in hybrid20 mi (32 km)Oct 201233,509 units sold through December 2016.[11][21][22][23]
Ford Fusion Energi
Plug-in hybrid20 mi (32 km)Feb 201343,327 units sold through December 2016.[11][21][22][23]
BYD e6
Electric car127 mi (204 km)May 2013
(fleet only)
About 80 units through December 2015, mostly for taxi
and ride-hailing purposes.[28]
Available for leasing only to fleet customers.[29]
Chevrolet Spark EV
Electric car82 mi (132 km)Jun 20137,348 units sold through December 2016.[11][10][12][13]
Initial availability limited to California and Oregon.
Fiat 500e
Electric car87 mi (140 km)Jul 2013About 18,966 units sold through December 2016.[30][27]
Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid
Plug-in hybrid16 mi (26 km)Oct 20131,765 units sold through December 2016.[11][10][12]
Cadillac ELR
Plug-in hybrid
(EREV)
35 mi (56 km)Dec 20132,874 units sold though December 2016.[11][10][12][13]
Production ended in February 2016.[31]
BMW i3
Electric/RExAll-electric from
81 mi (130 km)
(60 A·h)
to
114 mi (183 km)
(94 A·h)
May 201424,741 units through December 2016.[11][23]
REx variant sales account for 19,130 units (REx/BEV sales ratio of 3:1).[32]
Mercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive
Electric87 mi (140 km)Jul 20143,312 units were sold through December 2016.[11][10][12]
BMW i8
Plug-in hybrid15 mi (24 km)Aug 20144,414 units delivered through December 2016.[11][10][12]
Kia Soul EV
Electric car93 mi (150 km)Oct 20143,102 units delivered through December 2016.[11][10][12]
Volkswagen e-Golf
Electric car83 mi (134 km)Oct 20148,526 units delivered through December 2016.[11][23]
Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid
Plug-in hybrid14 mi (23 km)Nov 20143,386 units were sold through December 2016.[11][10][12]
Mercedes-Benz S 500 e
Plug-in hybrid17 mi (27 km)Jul 2015668 units sold through December 2016.[11][10]
Volvo XC90 T8
Plug-in hybrid17 mi (27 km)Aug 20152,106 units sold through December 2016.[11][10]
Tesla Model X
Electric SUV 257 mi (414 km) Sep 2015 ~85,077 units sold through December 2019.[3]
Bolloré Bluecar
Electric car160 mi (260 km)Sep 2015[33]
(fleet only)
230 units deployed for the BlueIndy carsharing service
in Indianapolis that began operations in September 2015.[34]
BMW X5 xDrive40e
Plug-in hybrid14 mi (23 km)Oct 20156,887 units sold through December 2016.[11][10]
Hyundai Sonata PHEV
Plug-in hybrid27 mi (43 km)Nov 20153,150 units sold through December 2016.[11][10]
Audi A3 Sportback e-tron
Plug-in hybrid31 mi (50 km)Dec 20154,329 units delivered through December 2016.[11][35]
BMW 330e iPerformance
Plug-in hybrid14 mi (23 km)Mar 2016880 units sold through December 2016.[11]
Mercedes-Benz GLE 550e
Plug-in hybrid12 mi (19 km)Jun 2016231 units sold through December 2016.[11]
BMW 740e iPerformance
Plug-in hybrid14 mi (23 km)Nov 201668 units sold through December 2016.[11]
Chevrolet Bolt EV
Electric car238 mi (383 km)Dec 201640,783 units sold through November 2018.[36]
Tesla Model 3
Electric car220 mi (350 km)
to 310 mi (500 km)
Jul 2017~300,471 units sold through December 2019.[3]
The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling plug-in car in the U.S. in 2018 and 2019.[37][38]
In February 2019, the Model 3 became the U.S. all-time best selling plug-in car.[39][40]
Jaguar I-Pace
Electric car234 mi (377 km)Oct 2018170 units sold through November 2018.[27]
Out-of-production plug-in electric cars
that were available for retail sales or leasing in the United States since 2008
Tesla Roadster
Electric car245 mi (394 km)Mar 2008About 1,800 units sold through December 2011.[41]
Production ended in January 2012.[42]
Mini E
Electric car100 mi (160 km)Jun 2009500 units leased for field testing that ended in December 2011.[43][44]
Th!nk City
Electric car100 mi (160 km)Late 2010About 100 units sold mostly in Indiana through March 2011[45]
After Think Global filed for bankruptcy in June 2011,[46]
the remaining 150 cars in stock in the U.S. were put on sale
at a discounted price.[47]
Wheego Whip LiFe
Electric car100 mi (160 km)Apr 2011[48]34 units sold by March 2012.[49]
Fisker Karma
Plug-in hybrid
(EREV)
32 mi (51 km)Nov 2011About 1,600 units were sold through December 2013.[41]
Production was suspended in November 2012.[50]
Fisker Automotive filed for bankruptcy in November 2013.[51]
BMW ActiveE
Electric car94 mi (151 km)[52]Jan 2012673 units were leased in the U.S. through December 2012.[53]
Limited production available only for leasing as part of
a demonstration program.[43][54]
Coda
Electric car88 mi (142 km)Mar 2012117 units were delivered in California through April 2013.[55]
By September 2013, a total of 50 cars left in stock and 100 gliders
were available for sale at a discounted price in the U.S. and abroad.[56]
RAV4 EV
second generation
Electric SUV103 mi (166 km)Sep 20122,489 units were sold through April 2015.[5][12][13][57]
Available only in California.[58]
Production was limited to 2,600 units. The battery supply deal
between Toyota and Tesla concluded by the end of 2014.[59]
Production run ended in September 2014.[60]
Honda Fit EV
Electric car82 mi (132 km)Jul 20121,070 units delivered through April 2015.[5][12][13][57]
Production was limited to 1,100 units over three years.
Initial availability was limited to California and Oregon.[61]

In July 2014 Honda announced the end of production of the Fit EV
for the 2015 model, together with the Honda Insight hybrid and the
Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell car.[62]

Porsche 918 Spyder
Plug-in hybrid12 mi (19 km)Jun 2014297 units delivered through September 2015.[63]
The limited production run was sold out in December 2014.
The production run ended in June 2015.[64] The country with
the most orders was the U.S. with 297 units out of 918 produced.[65]
Honda Accord PHEV
Plug-in hybrid13 mi (21 km)Jan 20131,039 units have been sold through December 2015.[10][12][13]
In June 2015 Honda announced that the Accord Plug-in Hybrid
was discontinued after the 2015 model year. A new dedicated
plug-in hybrid and battery electric models are scheduled after the
introduction of Honda's next generation fuel cell vehicle in 2016.[66]
McLaren P1
Plug-in hybrid19 mi (31 km)May 2014About 127 units sold through December 2015 (34% of production).[67]
The production run ended in December 2015.[67]

See also

References

  1. David B. Sandalow, ed. (2009). Plug-In Electric Vehicles: What Role for Washington? (1st. ed.). The Brookings Institution. pp. 2–5. ISBN 978-0-8157-0305-1.See definition on pp. 2.
  2. "PEV Frequently Asked Questions". Duke Energy. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved 2010-03-31.
  3. Kane, Mark (11 January 2020). "The Top 10 Plug-In Electric Cars In U.S. - 2019 Edition". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 8 May 2020. At the end of 2019, the all-time top selling plug-in cars in the U.S. are were the Tesla Model 3 with 300,471 units, the Tesla Model S with 157,992, and the Chevrolet Volt with 157,054 units.
  4. Mark Rogowsky (2014-01-16). "Tesla Sales Blow Past Competitors, But With Success Comes Scrutiny". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-01-18. Almost 18,000 units were sold in the U.S. in 2013.
  5. Jeff Cobb (2013-01-08). "December 2012 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-01-14. See the section: U.S. Plug-in Electric sales for December 2012. A total of 53,172 plug-in electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Sales of the Fisker Karma, Coda and Wheego are not included in this figure, because these carmakers does not report monthly sales on a regular basis. Tesla Model S sales are estimated.
  6. Kane, Mark (2019-02-04). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: January 2019". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-02-05. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" In January 209 the Tesla Model 3 (148,046) overtook the Model S (144,767). The Chevrolet Volt (152,819) continues as the all-time best selling plug-in car in the U.S.
  7. Jeffrey N. Ross (2015-05-21). "Last First-Gen Chevy Volt Rolls Off The Assembly Line". TopSpeed.com. Retrieved 2015-06-14.
  8. Jeff Cobb (2015-11-03). "2016 Volts Account For 1,324 Sales Out Of 2,035 October Deliveries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
  9. Evarts, Eric C. (2018-11-26). "GM to kill Chevy Volt production in 2019 (Updated)". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2018-11-27.
  10. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-03-14. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 114,248 units in 2015, consisting of 71,105 all-electric cars and 43,143 plug-in hybrids, with corresponding market shares of 0.25% and 0.41%. Sales in 2014 totaled 123,347 units.
  11. Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-05). "December 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017-01-06. Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, consisting of 84,246 all-electric cars and 72,935 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 0.90% of new car sales. December sales totaled 23,288 units with a market share of 1.39%. The top selling model in 2016 was the Tesla Model S with 29,156 units sold, followed by the Chevrolet Volt (24,739) and the Tesla Model X (18,028).
  12. Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2014 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
  13. Cole, Jay (2014-01-06). "December 2013 Plug-In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card". InsideEvs.com. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  14. "December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing". HybridCARS.com. 2012-01-09. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
  15. Jay Cole (2013-05-05). "Another EV Hits US Shores, As Smart Sells 60 ForTwo Electric Drive Mini-Cars In May". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  16. Timothy Cain (December 2014). "Mitsubishi i MiEV Sales Figures". Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2014-12-05.
  17. Keith Naughton (2012-03-02). "Ford Says Focus Electric Car Rated at 105 MPG Equivalent by EPA". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
  18. "Chevy Volt continues to lead plug-in sales in US in July". Green Car Congress. 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2012-08-04. 8 unites were delivered in December 2011.
  19. Sebastian Blanco (2012-03-13). "Ford says selling 10 Focus Electrics in three months is "on track"". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  20. John Voelcker (2012-03-09). "2012 Ford Focus Electric: 105 MPGe, 76-Mile Range...10 Sales". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  21. Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-02). "October 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-11-04. Tesla sales for 3Q 2016 have been restated based upon information provided from the company corresponding to U.S. sales during 3Q 2016. Tesla reported 9,156 Model S and 5,428 Model X sold during the third quarter of 2016. The combined effect of both models totaled 1,116 less units than originally estimated, so the revised current-year-to-date figure for sales through September is 108,397 units. The revised CYTD figure for Model S is 20,856 and 12,328 for the Model X. October sales figures already reflect this adjustment.
  22. Cobb, Jeff (2016-12-02). "November 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  23. Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). "Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-02. See other figures in graphs.
  24. Brad Berman (2015-05-01). "Toyota Halts Production of Prius Plug-in Hybrid Until Late 2016". Plugincars.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  25. Staff (2016-12-01). "Monthly Plug-In Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-12-01. During the first nine months of 2016 Prius PHV sales totaled 52 units. None was sold in October 2016 as dealerships run out of stock of the first generation model
  26. Cole, Jay (2016-12-02). "Several Plug-Ins Hit New 2016 Highs, As November EV Sales In US Rise Sharply". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  27. "Monthly Plug-In Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs.com. December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-09. See Fiat 500e sales by year.
  28. King, Danny (2016-02-27). "BYD plug in sales grow globally, but US future remains cloudy". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2016-02-27.
  29. Antony Ingram (2013-04-08). "BYD e6 Chinese Electric Car Won't Be Sold To Consumers In US". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2013-05-11.
  30. Loveday, Eric (2016-06-10). "Fiat 500e Recalled Due To Software Glitch That Could Result In Shutdown". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2016-06-12.
  31. Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-13). "2016 Cadillac ELR Production Was Permanently Cancelled In February". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-13.
  32. Cole, Jay (2017-02-18). "19,130 BMW i3 REx Recalled In US Due To Fire Risk…Thanks To Its Gas Extender". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  33. Brad Tuttle (2015-09-02). "Groundbreaking Electric Car Sharing Program Launches in an Unlikely City". Time. Retrieved 2016-07-04. A total of 50 Bolloré Bluecars were registered for the BlueIndy carsharing service in Indianapolis.
  34. Voelcker, John (2016-06-30). "BlueIndy electric car-sharing: after 9 months, how's it doing?". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-07-04. A total of 230 Bolloré Bluecars were in operation for the BlueIndy carsharing service in Indianapolis by the end of June 2016.
  35. Voelckr, John (2016-01-19). "Plug-In Electric Car Sales For 2015 Fall Slightly From 2014". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-01-24. A total of 49 Audi A3 e-trons were sold in the U.S. in 2015.
  36. Kane, Mark (2018-12-15). "GM Hits Federal Tax Credit Phase-Out Of 200,000 EVs Sold In U.S." InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-12-18.
  37. Kane, Mark (2019-01-24). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24. See Graph: "Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)" and "U.S. Plug-in Car Sales (cumulative)"
  38. Loveday, Steven (17 January 2020). "FINAL UPDATE: Quarterly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 8 May 2020. See Chart: "2019 Monthly/Q4 Sales Chart : Annual" - Cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled 329,528 units in 2019, and the top selling models were the Tesla Model 3 with 158,925 units, the Toyota Prius Prime with 23,630, The Tesla Model X with 19,225, the Chevrolet Bolt EV with 16,418 and the Tesla Model S with 14,100 units.
  39. Bridie Schmidt (2019-04-15). "Tesla Model 3 becomes all-time best-selling electric car in US". EV Adoption. The Driven. Retrieved 2019-04-15.
  40. Kane, Mark (2019-03-12). "US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: February 2019". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
  41. Cobb, Jeff (2014-01-16). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-08-29. Around 1,800 Tesla Roadsters and 1,600 Fisker Karmas had been sold in the U.S. by the end of 2013.
  42. Tesla Motors (2012-03-07). "Tesla Motors Inc - 10-K - Management's Discussion And Analysis Of Financial Condition And Results of Operations". TMCNet. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  43. Jim Motavalli (2012-01-12). "The Mini-E's True Believer Gets the Keys to the First BMW ActiveE". PluginCars. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  44. Peter Whoriskey (2009-12-24). "Recharging and other concerns keep electric cars far from mainstream". Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
  45. Brad Berman (2011-03-25). "Think Quietly Sets Price of City Electric Car at $41,695 (Update)". PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  46. Douglas A. Bolduc (2011-06-22). "Norwegian EV maker Think files for bankruptcy". Automotive News. Retrieved 2011-06-23.
  47. John Voelcker (2012-03-30). "Discontinued 2011 Think City Electric Cars For Sale: $22,500". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
  48. Blanco, Sebastian (2011-12-17). "Wheego delivers first LiFe vehicle in time for Earth Day". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-01-21.
  49. Jim Motavalli (2012-03-14). "Can The Tiny Wheego Win The Electric Car Race?". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
  50. Bradley Berman (2013-03-13). "Henrik Fisker Resigns From Fisker Automotive". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  51. Angela Greiling Keane (2013-11-23). "Fisker Selling Assets to Li Group at $139 Million Loss to U.S." Bloomberg. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  52. John Voelcker (2012-01-18). "BMW ActiveE Electric Car First Drive: What's It Really Like?". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
  53. Jeff Cobb (2013-11-04). "October 2013 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-11-10. See the section: October 2013 Plug-in Electric Car Sales Numbers: A total of 10,191 plug-in electric cars were delivered in October with a market share of 0.85% of new car sales.
  54. Jim Motavalli (2010-09-27). "BMW ActiveE Electric Car Headed for U.S. Trial". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
  55. Mark Kane (2013-06-11). "Turns Out Coda Sold Way More Electric Sedans Than We Thought! Recall Notice Says So". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
  56. Sebastian Blanco (2013-09-14). "Coda Cars brings Sedan EV back at 'substantial discount'". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2013-10-02.
  57. Jeff Cobb (2015-05-02). "April 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-06-20. A total of 17 RAV4 EVs and 1 Honda Fit EV were sold during the first four months of 2015.
  58. Brad Berman (2012-01-16). "Toyota Confirms Limited Production of Electric RAV4 and Scion iQ in 2012". PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2012-01-22.
  59. Alan Ohnsman (2014-05-10). "Tesla Says Battery-Supply Deal for Toyota RAV4 EV to End". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  60. Brad Berman (2014-09-24). "Toyota Wraps Up Production of RAV4 EV". PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  61. Zach McDonald (2012-07-20). "Honda Registers First Fit EV Delivery". Plugincars.com. Retrieved 2012-07-21.
  62. John Voelcker (2014-07-29). "Honda Ends Three Green Models For 2015: Insight, Fit EV, FCX Clarity". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2014-08-20.
  63. Timothy Cain (October 2015). "Porsche 918 Spyder". Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
  64. Mike Millikin (2015-06-19). "Porsche finishes production of the 918 Spyder plug-in hybrid; platform for advanced development for vehicles and manufacturing". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  65. Porsche Cars (2014-12-10). "Porsche exceeds previous year's sales by November - Last unit of the 918 Spyder sold" (Press release). Stugart. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
  66. Mike Millikin (2015-06-15). "Honda discontinuing Civic Hybrid, Civic natural gas model, Accord plug-in hybrid; new BEV, PHEV models coming". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
  67. Moss, Darren (2015-12-10). "McLaren P1 production comes to an end". Autocar UK. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
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